1. The Second Great Awakening
Jesus Drops in for a Visit

2. “Awakenings” Periodic Waves of Religious Excitement
Separated by long periods of Religious calm
1740s: FIRST GREAT AWAKENING
s: SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
Enthusiasm, controversy, religious experiment.

3. Religion in the 1800’s
Deism helped to create a Unitarian faith, which held that God existed in only one person
Unitarians-proclaimed that their belief was in free will and possibility of salvation through good works (Ralph Waldo Emerson-Leading thinker)
Unitarianism contrasted from the Calvinist doctrines of the 1700's, differing on subjects such as predestination and human depravity
First Unitarian church was founded in 1796 but the faith became more widely accepted in the 1800's , especially in the Northeast and by intellectuals

4. William Ellery Channing, “Unitarian Christianity” (1819)
Are people free to re-invent Religion?
UNITARIANISM:
Rejects “Trinity” (insists on “Unitary” God)
Rejects Jesus’ “divinity”
Rejects Centrality of Jesus’ Crucifixion & Resurrection
Modifies “Fall/Redemption” concept
Insists on right of individual to mold his or her own religion

5. Prophecies in the Books of Daniel and Revelation

6. Two Key Notions of the Second Great Awakening
Christian Perfectionism- Belief that salvation can lead to a sinless life: “heaven on earth”
Millennialism- Christ’s return to earth will begin a thousand year reign

7. "The belief of this doctrine has seriously affected my temporal wellbeing"
THE SECOND ADVENT OF
THE LORD JESUS CHRIST
A PAST EVENT. BY
ROBERT TOWNLEY, A.B. MINISTER

8. James McGready credited with inaugurating 1st camp meeting
historians have generally credited James McGready (c. 1760–1817), a Presbyterian, with inaugurating the first typical camp meetings in 1799–1801 in Logan county, Kentucky. Other ministers who associated with McGready subsequently spread his methods throughout the southwestern United States.

10. Cane Ridge

11. Methodists
John and Charles Wesley- credited with the founding of the Methodist faith.
believed that by living in a Christian manner & truly believing in God, a person would gain salvation.
Lead In:
Methodists and Baptists benefited the most from the ideas brought by revivalism. Both sects stressed personal conversion, a relatively democratic control of church affairs, and a rousing emotionalism.
Methodists:
John Wesley was credited with finding the Methodist faith.
He believed that by living in a Christian manner & truly believing in God, a person would gain salvation.
After Wesley died in 1791, the Methodist faith divided into a number of denominations, the main two: Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Protestant.
Methodism advanced westward almost as quickly as the people who settled the land and was one of the earliest Christian faiths to arrive in Ohio.
Prominent Ohioans that belonged to Methodists were:
Thomas Worthing- One of Ohio’s first United States Senators
Edward Tiffin- Ohio’s first governor.
Many Methodists disagreed about slavery. The Church initially condemned slavery but many of its white members favored the institution of slavery.
Some African American members broke with the Methodist Church in 1816 and established the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Peter Cartwright was the best known of the Methodist “circuit riders”, or traveling preachers.

12. Methodist After Wesley died in 1791, the Methodist faith divided:
Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Protestant
Methodism advanced westward; one of the earliest Christian faiths to arrive in Ohio.
Thomas
Worthington
Edward Tiffin

13. Francis Asbury, “A Spiritual Letter” (1790)
America’s Great METHODIST leader
DEMOCRACY (everyone …)
OPTIMISM (… can be saved!)
How: FREE WILL , PERSONAL CHOICE

14. Methodist Many Methodists disagreed about slavery
Peter Cartwright was the best known of the Methodist “circuit riders” or traveling preachers.
Many Methodists disagreed about slavery
Church initially condemned slavery but many of its white members favored slavery.
Some African American members broke with the Methodist Church in 1816 & established the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

15. Itinerant Methodist Ministers “Circuit Riders”

16. Burned Over Districts
The Burned Over Districts was a named coined by historian Whitney Cross in a 1950 book to describe an area in central and western New York during the 2nd Great Awakening.
Western New York was so blistered
by sermonizers preaching “hellfire
and damnation” that it came to be
known as the Burned-Over District.
“Burned Over Districts”:
The Burned Over Districts was a named coined by historian Whitney Cross in a 1950 book to describe an area in central and western New York during the 2nd Great Awakening.
Western New York, where many descendants of New England Puritans had settled, was so blistered by sermonizers preaching “hellfire and damnation” that it came to be known as the “Burned-Over District.”
The name was given because the area was so heavily evangelized during the revivalism of antebellum America so as to have no fuel (unconverted population) left to burn (convert). When religion is related to reform movements of the period, such as abolition, women's rights, and utopian social experiments, the region expands to include areas of central New York that were important to the aforementioned reform movements.

17. Charles Grandison Finney
leader of the “river of revivals”
Supported loose interpretation of scriptures and styles of worship
Personal Relationship with Christ
“Sinners are bound to change their own hearts”
Old School religion with new twists:
- “Anxious bench”
- Women public prayer
denounced alcohol and slavery
Greatest and most notable leader of the “river of revivals”
Supported a more loose interpretation of the scriptures, and of styles of worship
Encounter with Jesus, Personal Relationship with Christ, your savior:
“Sinners are bound to change their own hearts”
Old School religion with new twists:
- Anxious bench: people who waited to be prayed for by the congregation in the front of the church
- Women public prayer
Charles denounced alcohol and slavery and viewed them as sin.
Also: personal prayers.

18. Charles Grandison Finney

19. Idealism in the Second Great Awakening
Emotionalism in religion began again
Religion began to influence other ideals such as freedom from cruelty of war, discrimination, intoxicated drinking, and slavery
There were increased plantation missions held for slaves
Methodists and Presbyterians divide on the issue of slavery in 1830's-1840's
Idealistic religion on a utopian socialism, moral reform, and other ideas came to Christianity

20. The Second Great Awakening led many people to believe that the second coming of Christ was near.
Several of these groups settled in the area that came to be known as the "Burned Over District.“
Millerites were who one these groups, founded by William Miller, they believed the coming of Christ was going to happen on October 22, 1844.

21. Millerites Spawned from the Burned Over Districts
Named after William Miller, self-taught Bible Scholar
Interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1843.
The failure of Jesus to descend on
schedule dampened but did not
destroy the movement.

22. William Miller?

25. Millerite Pamplet

26. Sylvester Graham: Food Reformer

27. Ellen White: The New Prophet

28. Sister Ellen’s Visions

29. Seventh Day Adventist Church

30. John Harvey Kellogg
Graduate of Bellevue Medical College in 2 years (1876)
Began supervision of SDA Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek
Evolved into Battle Creek Sanitarium
Vegetarian, Inventor, Physician,
Author, Oddball: “Biologic Living”

31. The “San”

32. “Electro-Treatment” Chair at the “San”

33. Eventually, it all comes to this because of . . .

34. William Keith Kellogg “none genuine without this signature”

35. T.C. Boyles’s novel and a bad 1994 flick

36. Joseph Smith, Jr.

38. Hill Cumorrah

39. Moroni Gives Joe the Golden Plates

41. Smith Homestead

42. Young Brigham Young

43. Great Mormon Trek
Zion in the Wilderness
“Deseret” (Utah)

44. Seagull Monument, Temple Square

45. Mormon Temple and Tabernacle

46. Old Brigham Young

49. Oneida Complex

50. The cover of Puck shown at right portrays its critics proclaiming the Oneida Community members to be living in peace and harmony, without clergy scandals, and that therefore "They must be stopped!"

51. Oneida Community: Practitioners of “Stirpiculture”

52. Oneida Mansion (now Museum)

53. “Oneida Ltd. is the #1 Brand in silverware / flatware with the top 5 designs in the entire industry.”

54. Lyman Beecher Great Orator
Urged people to join associations lead by the church
Moral Reform on poverty, teaching, reading, writing to poor and prevention of alcohol abuse.

55. Divisiveness Caused by the Second Great Awakening
Second Great Awakening widened lines between class and region
Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians --> Wealthy classes and better-educated
Big Boundary between Northern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists; and Southern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists.
This split between North and Southern Faith and ideals in religion was considered the first sign of splitting. Later followed by a split in politics and the Union.
Protestants encouraged increase in educational learning and also importance of education in every household

56. Mormonism (LDS)
1830- Joseph Smith, a visionary, reported an encounter with an angel
This led to the religion of Mormons
Deciphered the Book of Mormon from golden plates claimed to be received by Joseph Smith
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints was founded through J. Smith's claim
Had leaders that were dedicated to free enterprise
Voted as a unit and produced their own militia
Polygamy became a problem for Joseph Smith and the LDS
Brigham Young was an “eloquent” preacher with only 11 days of schooling
Movement to Utah- use of irrigation system in desert of Utah

59. This image from a broadside of the American Anti-Slavery Society shows the battle between the "Eagle of Liberty" and the "Serpent of Slavery" (1838).

60. United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing

62. Shaker Beliefs and Practices from Mother Ann Lee
Pacificism
Celibacy
Work
Dance
Song
Collective
Ownership

63. Shaker Meeting House, Hancock Village

65. Sabbathday Lake Shakers (1885)
Shaker Tree of Life

66. “Hands to work and hearts to God”

67. Shaker Communities

68. Important Religions and People
Two largest denominations became Methodists and Baptists
Peter Cartwright ( ) prominent Methodist preacher
Charles Grandison Finney was a prominent revival preacher. Known as the “greatest preacher” of the Second Great Awakening
Finney led massive revivals in in Rochester, New York
Encouraged women to pray aloud in public and denounced both alcohol and slavery
Stressed personal conversion and explored a democratic control of church affairs
William Miller – Millerites and Adventists: interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return on Earth Oct. 22, 1844