1. GASES
Chapter 5

2. A Gas Uniformly fills any container.
Mixes completely with any other gas
Exerts pressure on its surroundings.

3. Simple barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli

4. Pressure is equal to force/unit area
SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
1 standard atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm =
760 mm Hg = 760 torr

5. Pressure Unit Conversions
The pressure of a tire is measured to be 28 psi. What would the pressure in atmospheres, torr, and pascals.
(28 psi)(1.000 atm/14.69 psi) = 1.9 atm
(28 psi)(1.000 atm/14.69 psi)( torr/1.000atm) = 1.4 x 103 torr
(28 psi)(1.000 atm/14.69 psi)(101,325 Pa/1.000 atm) = 1.9 x 105 Pa

6. Simple Manometer

7. Volume of a gas decreases as pressure increases
at constant temperature

8. P vs V
V vs 1/P
BOYLE’S LAW DATA

9. Boyle’s Law* (Pressure)( Volume) = Constant (T = constant)
P1V1 = P2V2 (T = constant)
V  1/P (T = constant)
(*Holds precisely only at very low pressures.)

10. Boyle’s Law Calculations
A 1.5-L sample of gaseous CCl2F2 has a pressure of 56 torr. If the pressure is changed to 150 torr, will the volume of the gas increase or decrease? What will the new volume be?
Decrease
P1 = 56 torr
P2 = 150 torr
V1 = 1.5 L
V2 = ?
V1P1 = V2P2
V2 = V1P1/P2
V2 = (1.5 L)(56 torr)/(150 torr)
V2 = 0.56 L

11. Boyle’s Law Calculations
In an automobile engine the initial cylinder volume is L. After the piston moves up, the volume is L. The mixture is atm, what is the final pressure?
P1 = 1.00 atm
P2 = ?
V1 = L
V2 = L
V1P1 = V2P2
P2 = V1P1/V2
P2 = (0.725 L)(1.00 atm)/(0.075 L)
P2 = 9.7 atm
Is this answer reasonable?

12. A gas that strictly obeys Boyle’s Law is called an ideal gas.

13. Plot of PV vs. P for several gases at pressures
below 1 atm.

14. Plot of V vs. T(oC) for several gases

15. Volume of a gas increases as heat is added
when pressure is held constant.

16. Charles’s Law
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to temperature, and extrapolates to zero at zero Kelvin.
V = bT (P = constant)
b = a proportionality constant

17. Charles’s Law

18. Charles’s Law Calculations
Consider a gas with a a volume of L at 35 oC and 1 atm pressure. What is the temperature (in Co) of the gas when its volume is L at 1 atm pressure?
V1 = L
V2 = L
T1 = 35 oC = 308 K
T2 = ?
V1/V2 = T1/T2
T2 = T1 V2/V1
T2 = (308 K)(0.535 L)/(0.675 L)
T2 = 244 K -273
T2 = - 29 oC

19. At constant temperature and pressure, increasing
the moles of a gas increases its volume.

20. Avogadro’s Law
For a gas at constant temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas (at low pressures).
V = an
a = proportionality constant
V = volume of the gas
n = number of moles of gas

21. AVOGADRO’S LAW
V1/V2 = n1/n2

22. AVOGADRO’S LAW
A 12.2 L sample containing 0.50 mol of oxygen gas, O2, at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 25 oC is converted to ozone, O3, at the same temperature and pressure, what will be the volume of the ozone? 3 O2(g) ---> 2 O3(g)
(0.50 mol O2)(2 mol O3/3 mol O2) = 0.33 mol O3
V1 = 12.2 L
V2 = ?
n1 = 0.50 mol
n2 = 0.33 mol
V1/V2 = n1/n2
V2 = V1 n2/n1
V2 = (12.2 L)(0.33 mol)/(0.50 mol)
V2 = 8.1 L

23. COMBINED GAS LAW
V1/ V2 = P2 T1/ P1 T2

24. COMBINED GAS LAW
What will be the new volume of a gas under the following conditions?
V1 = 3.48 L
V2 = ?
P1 = atm
P2 = atm
T1 = - 15 oC + 273
= 258 K
T2 = 36 oC + 273
T2= 309 K
V1/ V2 = P2 T1/ P1 T2
V2 = V1P1T2/P2T1
V2 = (309 K)(0.454 atm)(3.48 L)
(258 K)(0.616 atm)
V2 = 3.07 L

25. Pressure exerted by a gas increases as temperature
increases provided volume remains constant.

26. P1 / P2 = T1 / T2 If the volume of a gas is held
constant, then V1 / V2 = 1.
Therefore:
P1 / P2 = T1 / T2

27. Ideal Gas Law An equation of state for a gas.
“state” is the condition of the gas at a given time.
PV = nRT

28. IDEAL GAS 1. Molecules are infinitely far apart.
2. Zero attractive forces exist between the molecules.
3. Molecules are infinitely small--zero molecular volume.
What is an example of an ideal gas?

29. REAL GAS 1. Molecules are relatively far apart compared to their size.
2. Very small attractive forces exist between molecules.
3. The volume of the molecule is small compared to the distance between molecules.
What is an example of a real gas?

30. Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT Holds closely at P < 1 atm
R = proportionality constant
= L atm  mol
P = pressure in atm
V = volume in liters
n = moles
T = temperature in Kelvins
Holds closely at P < 1 atm

31. Ideal Gas Law Calculations
A 1.5 mol sample of radon gas has a volume of 21.0 L at 33 oC. What is the pressure of the gas?
p = ?
V = 21.0 L
n = 1.5 mol
T = 33 oC + 273
T = 306 K
R = Latm/molK
pV = nRT
p = nRT/V
p = (1.5mol)( Latm/molK)(306K)
(21.0L)
p = 1.8 atm

32. Ideal Gas Law Calculations
A sample of hydrogen gas, H2, has a volume of 8.56 L at a temperature of O oC and a pressure of 1.5 atm. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen present.
p = 1.5 atm
V = 8.56 L
R = Latm/molK
n = ?
T = O oC + 273
T = 273K
pV = nRT
n = pV/RT
n = (1.5 atm)(8.56L)
( Latm/molK)(273K)
n = 0.57 mol

33. Standard Temperature and Pressure
“STP”
P = 1 atmosphere
T = C
The molar volume of an ideal gas is liters at STP

34. GAS STOICHIOMETRY
1. Mass-Volume
2. Volume-Volume

35. Molar Volume pV = nRT V = nRT/p
V = (1.00 mol)( Latm/molK)(273K)
(1.00 atm)
V = 22.4 L

36. Gas Stoichiometry Not at STP (Continued)
p = 1.00 atm
V = ?
n = 1.28 x 10-1 mol
R = Latm/molK
T = 25 oC = 298 K
pV = nRT
V = nRT/p
V = (1.28 x 10-1mol)( Latm/molK)(298K)
(1.00 atm)
V = 3.13 L O2

37. Gases at STP
A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 1.75 L at STP. How many moles of N2 are present?
(1.75L N2)(1.000 mol/22.4 L) = 7.81 x 10-2 mol N2

38. Gas Stoichiometry at STP
Quicklime, CaO, is produced by heating calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at STP from the decomposition of 152 g of CaCO3. CaCO3(s) ---> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(152g CaCO3)(1 mol/100.1g)(1mol CO2/1mol CaCO3) (22.4L/1mol) = 34.1L CO2
Note: This method only works when the gas is at STP!!!!!

39. Volume-Volume
If 25.0 L of hydrogen reacts with an excess of nitrogen gas, how much ammonia gas will be produced? All gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
2N2(g) + 3H2(g) ----> 2NH3(g)
(25.0 L H2)(2 mol NH3/3 mol H2) = 16.7 L NH3

40. MOLAR MASS OF A GAS n = m/M n = number of moles m = mass
M = molar mass

41. MOLAR MASS OF A GAS
P = mRT/VM or
P = DRT/M
therefore:
M = DRT/P

42. Molar Mass Calculations
M = ? d = 1.95 g/L
T = 27 oC p = 1.50 atm
T = 300. K R = Latm/mol K
M = dRT/p
M = (1.95g/L)( Latm/molK)(300.K)
(1.5atm)
M = 32.0 g/mol

43. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
For a mixture of gases in a container,
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P

44. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Calculations
A mixture of nitrogen gas at a pressure of atm, oxygen at 2.55 atm, and carbon dioxide at .33 atm would have what total pressure?
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3
PTotal = atm atm atm
Ptotal = 4.13 atm

45. Water Vapor Pressure 2KClO3(s) ----> 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
When a sample of potassium chlorate is decomposed and the oxygen produced collected by water displacement, the oxygen has a volume of L at a temperature of 22 oC. The combined pressure of the oxygen and water vapor is 754 torr (water vapor pressure at 22 oC is 21 torr). How many moles of oxygen are produced?
Pox = Ptotal - PHOH
Pox = 754 torr - 21 torr
pox = 733 torr

46. MOLE FRACTION
-- the ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles of the mixture.
1 = n1/ ntotal
1 = V1/ Vtotal
1 = P1 / Ptotal (volume & temperature constant)

47. Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. Volume of individual particles is  zero.
2. Collisions of particles with container walls cause pressure exerted by gas.
3. Particles exert no forces on each other.
4. Average kinetic energy  Kelvin temperature of a gas.

48. Plot of relative number of oxygen molecules with
a given velocity at STP (Boltzmann Distribution).

49. Plot of relative number of nitrogen molecules with
a given velocity at three different temperatures.

50. The Meaning of Temperature
Kelvin temperature is an index of the random motions of gas particles (higher T means greater motion.)

51. Diffusion: describes the mixing of gases
Diffusion: describes the mixing of gases. The rate of diffusion is the rate of gas mixing.
Effusion: describes the passage of gas into an evacuated chamber.

52. Effusion of a gas into an evacuated chamber

53. Effusion:
Diffusion:

54. Real Gases
Must correct ideal gas behavior when at high pressure (smaller volume) and low temperature (attractive forces become important).

55. Plots of PV/nRT vs. P for several gases at 200 K.
Note the significant deviation from ideal behavior.

56. Real Gases  
corrected pressure
corrected volume
Pideal
Videal

57. Concentration for some smog components
vs. time of day

58. What substances represent intermediates?
NO2(g) NO(g) + O(g)
O(g) + O2(g)  O3(g)
NO(g) + 1/2 O2(g)  NO2(g)
__________________________
3/2 O2(g)  O3(g)
What substances represent intermediates?
Which substance represents the catalyst?

59. Chemistry is a gas!!