1. Lipids (fats) Carbohydrates (sugar) Protein

2. ENERGY 1 st Law of Thermodynamics –Energy can’t be created or destroyed, it can only change forms. chemical → mechanical heat → mechanical electrical → mechanical

3. Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

6. Metabolism Metabolism = The sum of all reactions occurring in an organism –Catabolism – reactions involved in the breakdown of biomolecules; release heat/energy –Anabolism – reactions involved in the synthesis of biomolecules; absorb heat/energy.

7. ANABOLIC CATABOLIC

8. Metabolism –Metabolism is the sum of catabolism and anabolism.

9. Free Energy (G) A + B → C A + B C Free Energy (G) 5 10 If A + B has more free energy than C, then the change in free energy (  G) is negative. Product (C) – Reactants (A + B) 5-10 = -5 If energy is given off in a reaction;  G is negative; favorable; catabolic

10. A + B → C C A + B Free Energy (G) 5 10 If A + B has less free energy than C, then the change in free energy (  G) is positive. Product (C) – Reactants (A + B) 10-5 = +5 If energy is absorbed in a reaction;  G is positive; unfavorable; anabolic

11. 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS  G = +686 kcal energy Free Energy (G) 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 686

12. CATABOLISM OF FOOD

15. ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

16. (G)Products – (G)Reactants =  G [ADP + P] - ATP  G = -7.3 kcal Free Energy (G) ATP ADP + P 7.3 kcal ATP → ADP + P

17. ATP → ADP + P + energy 7.3 kcal ADP + P + energy → ATP Energy is given off;  G is negative Energy is absorbed;  G is positive

18. MITOCHONDRIA

19. Metabolism = The sum of all reactions occurring in an organism Goal is to couple reactions that give off energy with those that absorb energy A + B → AB AB is higher energy than A and B alone  G is positive; requires input of energy; unfavorable ADP and P are lower energy than ATP  G is negative; releases energy; favorable ATP → ADP + P

20. Coupled Reactions ATP → ADP + P A + B → AB  G = +4.3 kcal  G = -7.3 kcal A + B + ATP →AB + ADP + P Overall  G for coupled reaction = -3.0 kcal Coupled reaction would be FAVORABLE  G =-3.0