1. Systems Investigation and Analysis
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Systems Investigation and Analysis

2. Participants in System Development
Systems Analysts
Specialize in analyzing & designing business systems.
Stakeholders
Benefit from the systems develop- ment effort
Programmers
Modify/develop programs to satisfy user requirements.
Users
Interact with the system regularly
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3. Typical Reasons for Initiating a Systems Development Project
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4. Information System Planning
Information Systems Plan
Translates strategic & organizational goals into systems development initiatives.
Creative Analysis
Investigates new approaches to existing problems.
Critical Analysis
Unbiased & careful questioning of whether system elements are related in the most effective/ efficient ways.
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5. Establishing Objectives for Systems Development
Performance
Quality or usefulness of output
Quality or usefulness of output format
Speed at which output is generated
Cost
Development costs
Costs related to the uniqueness of the application
Fixed investments in hardware & related equipment
On-going operating costs
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6. Systems Development & the Internet
Applications being moved to the Internet
Sales
Order placement
Access to product information
Building a static Web site (much easier than dynamic Web site)
Tools to help with Internet systems development
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7. Systems Development Life Cycle
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8. Systems Development Life Cycle
Systems Investigation
ID problems & opportunities
Systems Analysis
Study existing systems & work processes
Systems Design
Lays out how the system will do what it will do
Systems Implementation
Assemble components & put new/ modified system into operation.
Systems Maintenance and Review
Ensures the system operates & is modified to keep up with business changes.
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9. Prototyping: The Iterative Life Cycle
Operational Prototype
Accesses real data files, edits input data, makes necessary computations & comparisons, & produces real output
Non-operational Prototype
A mockup or model that includes output & input specifications & formats
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10. General Prototyping Model
Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
Employs tools, techniques, &
methodologies designed to speed
application development, automates
source code generation, &
facilitate user involvement in design & development activities
Joint Application Development (JAD)
Involves group meetings in which users, stakeholders, & IS professionals work together to analyze existing systems, propose solutions, & define requirements for a new or modified system
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11. Factors Affecting Systems Development Success
Managing Change
Requires the ability to recognize existing or potential problems & deal with them before they become a serious
threat to the success of the new/ modified system
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12. Factors Affecting Systems Development Success
Use of project management tools
Schedule
Milestone
Deadline
Critical path
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)
Gantt chart
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13. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
Tools that automate many systems development tasks
Upper CASE tools focus on activities associated with the early stages of systems development
Lower CASE tools focus on the later implementation stages of systems development
Integrated (I-CASE) tools combine upper/lower CASE
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14. Systems Investigation
Identifies potential problems & opportunities & considers them in light of the company’s goals
SI report summarizes results of systems investigation & the process of feasibility analysis & recommends a course of action
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15. Feasibility Analysis
Technical Feasibility: Can the hardware, software, & other system components be acquired or developed to solve the problem?
Operational Feasibility: Can the project be put into action or operation?
Schedule Feasibility: Can the project be completed in a reasonable time?
Economic Feasibility: Does the project make financial sense?
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16. Internal & External Sources of Data
Internal sources
Users, stakeholders, & managers
Organization charts
Forms and documents
Procedure manuals & policies
Financial reports
IS manuals
Other manuals & business processes
External Sources
Customers
Suppliers
Stockholders
Government agencies
Competitors
Outside groups
Journals, media
Consultants
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17. Data Collection Structured Interview Unstructured Interview
Direct Observation
Questionnaires
Statistical Sampling
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18. Data Analysis
Manipulating collected data so it is usable for development team members participating in systems analysis
Data Modeling: A commonly accepted approach to modeling organizational objects & associations that employs both text & graphics
Activity Modeling: A method to describe related objects,
associations, & activities
Data Flow Diagram: A diagram that models objects,
associations, & activities by describing how data can flow
between & around them
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19. Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Diagrams
Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
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20. Application Flowcharts
Charts that show relationships among applications or systems
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21. Grid Charts
A table that shows relationships among the various aspects of a systems development effort
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22. Requirements Analysis
An assessment used to determine user, stakeholder, & organizational needs
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23. The Systems Analysis Report
Strength and weaknesses of existing system from a stakeholder’s perspective
User/stakeholder requirements for the new system
Organizational requirements
Description of what new information systems should do to solve the problem
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24. Case study Case 1: FAA system development project, page 565 Chapter 12
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