1. 12-1 Environmental Geology James Reichard Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 12-2 Chapter 12 Mineral and Rock Resources

3. 12-3 Resources

4. 12-4 Minerals and People Mineral resource - rock, mineral or element important to humans Mineral resource - rock, mineral or element important to humans

5. 12-5 Economic Mineral Deposits Ore deposits Ore deposits High grade High grade Low grade Low grade Reserve Reserve Economic Economic Marginally economic Marginally economic Sub economic Sub economic

6. 12-6 Resources & Reserves

7. 12-7 Geology of Mineral Resources Igneous Processes Igneous Processes Diamond pipes (Kimberlite) Diamond pipes (Kimberlite) Intrusive deposits Intrusive deposits Layered deposits Layered deposits Hydrothermal deposits Hydrothermal deposits Disseminated deposits Disseminated deposits Massive sulfide deposits Massive sulfide deposits

8. 12-8 Geology of Mineral Resources Metamorphic processes Metamorphic processes Regional metamorphism Regional metamorphism Contact metamorphism Contact metamorphism

9. 12-9 Geology of Mineral Resources Sedimentary processes Sedimentary processes Placer deposits Placer deposits Residual weathering products Residual weathering products Banded iron deposits Banded iron deposits Evaporates Evaporates Phosphorites Phosphorites

10. 12-10 Mining & Processing of Minerals Mining Techniques Mining Techniques Surface mining Surface mining Open pit Open pit Strip Strip Underground Underground Placer Placer

11. 12-11 Mining & Processing of Minerals Mineral processing Mineral processing Physical separation Physical separation Smelting Smelting Leaching Leaching

12. 12-12 Distribution & Supply of Mineral Resources

13. 12-13 Supply of Mineral Resources Meeting future demand Meeting future demand Recycling Recycling Reusing Reusing

14. 12-14 Supply of Mineral Resources

15. 12-15 Supply of Mineral Resources

16. 12-16 Environmental Impacts & Mitigation General Mining Act 1872 General Mining Act 1872 Clean Air Act 1970 Clean Air Act 1970 Clean Water Act 1972 Clean Water Act 1972

17. 12-17 Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Heavy metals and acid drainage Heavy metals and acid drainage

18. 12-18 Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Processing of ores Processing of ores Collapse and subsidence Collapse and subsidence Abandon mine hazards Abandon mine hazards