1. Chapter 12
Forces & Fluids

2. Pressure (Pa) = force (N) / area (m2)
Ch Pressure
A. Pressure – force per unit area that is applied on the surface of an object
B. Pressure Formula:
Pressure (Pa) = force (N) / area (m2) or
P = F/A

3. Calculating Pressure
A water glass sitting on a table weighs 4N. The bottom of the water glass has a surface area of 0.003m2. Calculate the pressure the glass exerts on the table.
P = F = N = 1,333N/m2 = 1,333Pa
A m2

4. Weight
Weight (in Newton's) is equal to an objects mass times its acceleration due to gravity
Weight(N) = mass(kg) x 9.8 m/s2

5. 1. SI Unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa)
a) One pascal is equal to 1N of force applied over an area of 1m2
b) The weight of a dollar bill resting flat on a table exerts the force of 1Pa
c) 1Pa is so small that pressure is sometimes expresses as kPa which equals 1,000Pa

6. 2. Changes in pressure
a) Pressure increases if the force applied increases or if the area decreases
b) Pressure decreases if the force applied decreases or if the area increases

7. Pressure vs. Area

8. Pressure vs. Area

9. Pressure vs. Area

10. C. Pressure in Fluids
1. Fluid – any substance that has no definite shape and the ability to flow
2. Fluids include liquids, gases and plasma

11. 3. When the height of a fluid above a surface is greater, the pressure exerted by the fluid is greater

12. 4. Pressure exerted by a fluid increases with depth

14. 5. The pressure on objects in a fluid is exerted perpendicular to all sides of the object

15. D. Atmospheric Pressure
1. The atmosphere exerts about 100,000 N of force over every square meter on Earth

16. 2. Atmospheric pressure decreases as elevation in the atmosphere increases

19. 3. A barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure
At sea level pressure is 760mmhg (aka 1 Torr for Torrecelli who invented device in 1643 student of galileo) (30in up in tube) = 1atm
Go up mountain hg level will fall; top of Mt. Everest it is .3 atm
Even in one place, the air pressure is constantly changing. That's because Earth is constantly spinning and moving round the Sun, so different parts are being warmed up by different amounts. When the air cools and falls, it increases the pressure nearer to the ground. Regions of high pressure like this are linked with fine weather. The opposite happens when the air warms and rises to create regions of low pressure and wet weather.

20. Aneroid Barometer
Have small air tight metal box attached to spring and needle that squeezes and expands with change

21. E. Changes in Gas Pressure 1
E. Changes in Gas Pressure 1. Pressure & Volume a) Volume = Pressure b) Volume = Pressure

22. Pressure & Volume

23. 2. Temperature & Pressure a) Temperature = Pressure b) Temperature = Pressure

24. Pressure & Temperature

25. Ch 12.2 – Why do Objects Float?
A. Two properties influence if an object will sink or float when submerged in a fluid
1. Buoyant force
2. Density

26. B. Buoyant Force – an upward force that is exerted by a fluid on any object in the fluid

27. 1. The buoyant force is caused by the pressure exerted by the fluid 2
1. The buoyant force is caused by the pressure exerted by the fluid 2. The force exerted on the bottom of an object is greater than on the top

28. 3. Buoyant force is an unbalanced force since the portion of the object that is deeper will have a greater force pushing up than down

29. a) If the weight of an object is greater than the buoyant force the object will sink

30. b) If the buoyant force is equal to or greater than the weight the object will float

31. 4. Buoyant force depends on the shape of the object
a) Weight can be spread over a larger surface area to increase buoyancy

32. Buoyant Force & Surface Area

33. C. Archimedes’ Principle
1. The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
Eureka = Greek for “I have found it”
(2200 yrs ago - was asked by knig to determine if crown made for him was pure gold)
It weight of water being displaced = weight of object (force due to gravity) it will float – if water weighs less = sink

34. Archimedes' Principle

35. D. Density – mass of an object divided by its volume

36. 1. Any object with a density greater than the density of the fluid will sink

37. 2. Any object with a density less than the density of the fluid will float

38. Density of Water Density of pure water is 1 g/ml
If you add a solute it increases the density

39. The Great Salt Lake
The Dead Sea

40. 3. A boat floats because its volume is large enough to displace enough water so that the buoyant force is greater than its weight and its density is less than the water

41. Ch 12.3 – Work with Fluids
A. Fluids at rest and in motion exert forces that can do useful work
1. Pushing on a fluid can increase pressure

42. B. Pascal’s Principle
1. When a force is applied to a fluid in a closed container the pressure throughout the fluid increases

43. 2. A device that makes use of this principle is called a force pump

44. Force Pump

45. C. Hydraulic System – uses fluid to increase pressure

47. D. Bernoulli’s Principle – when the speed of a fluid increases the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
1. A fluid will move from a higher pressure environment to a lower pressure environment

48. 2. Wind can increase the rate at which smoke rises in a chimney

49. 3. Hurricanes tornadoes and high winds can decrease air pressure outside a house causing the roof to be pushed off due to higher pressure still inside

50. E. Lift
1. Moving air produces this force which allows planes and birds to fly
2. This force is created by downward flowing air which creates an upward reaction force on the bottom of the wing

51. Action Force
(Gravity)
Reaction Force (Lift)

52. Long narrow for gliding (seabirds)
Short rounded for fast take off and sharp turns (forest & field birds)
Small narrow for high speeds (swallow, swift, falcon, fighter plane)
Larger wings = more lift