1. EDU 3201 Language Deficient Learner F2F_11 Feb 2012 Topic: Language Deficiency of Learners Nooreen bt. Noordin (Ph.D) Faculty of Educational Studies UPM

2. Definition What is LDL? ➡ Struggling learners, ➡ Learners with disability ➡ Having a severe discrepancy between the student’s ability and their achievement

3. Characteristics Teachers need to be on the look out for learners who are struggling or with a learning disability While not every student will present with the same characteristics, there are some commonalities

4. General Characteristics struggle adapting to change. difficulty paying attention and may have trouble attending to task. work at a much slower pace having a hard time remembering having trouble with social issues

5. Characteristics...cont’d Decreased motivation Poor discourse comprehension Poor attention, concentration, and organization

6. Literacy Reading - they may have trouble pronouncing words and will tend to avoid reading aloud. Having trouble with comprehension Writing - trouble with the structure and mechanics of writing as well as spelling. Frequently transpose words and letters Get common words mixed up.

7. Numeracy Struggle with understanding the symbols of math. May struggle with telling time. Struggle with abstract concepts and word problems.

8. from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds may exhibit: Students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds may exhibit:  Limited English vocabulary  Lack of knowledge of English figurative language  Cooperative rather than competitive goals and dependence on others; learn by observing and imitating, not by explanation

9. from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds may exhibit: Students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds may exhibit:  Less achievement orientation (believe it is inappropriate to stand out)  More formality in learning context and respect for authority  Polychromatic tasking (not sequential, do not view timeliness as important)

10. Identifying Deficient Readers Deficits in one or more areas of phonological processing Limited sight vocabulary Poor use of word recognition strategies - e.g. contextual analysis inadequate background knowledge necessary for comprehension

11. Identifying Deficient Readers Vocabulary knowledge very limited - slow to develop Poor self-monitoring and evaluation of comprehension Little motivation for reading

12. Identifying Deficient Writers  Poor writing mechanics; spelling and handwriting in particular are difficult  Impoverished writing (i.e., shorter compositions with less elaborative details); this may reflect:  memory constraints  incomplete or fragmented topic knowledge  less sophisticated understanding of text structure  Inclusion of and irrelevant material in compositions

13. Identifying Deficient Writers LLLLimited review and revision of text; focus on superficial changes in form rather than substantive changes in content ffffail to detect mismatches between intentions and written text ddddo not take the perspective of the reader ddddifficulty coordinating cognitive resources and strategies necessary for revision LLLLittle motivation for writing LLLLimited awareness of what constitutes good writing and the means by which good writers produce texts

14. LD: A Cause for Concern While every child develops at his or her own pace, specific developmental milestones help healthcare providers, parents and teachers determine if children attain each one within normal limits, or outside the norm enough to cause concern. Learning disabilities is an issue that can potentially prevent a child from reaching strategic points of growth.

15. What all of us should know... Children with learning disabilities struggle with making connections between incoming information, and comprehension and organization of that information.learning disabilities The neurological basis behind learning disabilities disrupts a child's ability to fully understand how to perform basic skills such as reading, calculating, writing, communicating, and organizing data as he or she receives it.

16. What all of us should know... LD Online reported the National Institute of Health figures that as many as one out of seven individuals, or fifteen percent, suffer from some type of specific learning disability.

17. Specific LD ~ Learning disabilities encompass reading, language, math, and processing skills. Some of the most common specific learning disabilities, courtesy of LD Online, include the following: LD Onli Auditory and Visual Processing Disorders – difficulty processing language (even though individual has normal hearing and vision).

18. Specific LD Dyscalculia – difficulty understanding math concepts and performing math calculations. Dysgraphia – difficulty forming letters properly within a defined space.

19. Specific LD Dyslexia – difficulty understanding written words; also known as a language or reading disability/disorder. **show url: http://www.etni.org.il/etninews/inter2d.htm** Non-verbal Learning Disabilities – difficulty comprehending and differentiating non-verbal cues— basically anything that is not written or spoken—such as facial expressions, gestures, and body language; also struggle with organizational skills and memory recall. organizational skills

20. Useful sites to visit... http://www.disabilitymalaysia.com/index2. php?type=list&table=factsheet http://www.kiwanis.org.my/article.cfm?ID= 44&story=1 http://www.hilslearning.com/ http://www.srirafelsia.com/ \