1. Biological Anthropology Ways in Which We Differ (and why that can matter)

2. Red Blood Cells App. 30 trillion RBC in the human body you are both destroying (and making) new red blood cells at a rate of around 2.7 million cells per second. Every red blood cell contains about 270 million hemoglobin molecules, each one capable of carrying four oxygen molecules

3. Let’s Start Outside?

4. ABO Blood Group Genotype AA, AO BB, BO OO AB Phenotype A B O AB Alleles A B O codominant recessive

5. ABO Differences

6. Rh (Rhesus) Blood Group Genotype DD, Dd dd Phenotype Rh+ Rh- Alleles D d dominant recessive

7. Maternal/Infant Rh Incompatibility

8. Now Let’s Go Inside…

9. Red Blood Cells App. 30 trillion RBC in the human body you are both destroying (and making) new red blood cells at a rate of around 2.7 million cells per second. Every red blood cell contains about 270 million hemoglobin molecules, each one capable of carrying four oxygen molecules

10. Two Forms of Beta Hemoglobin Normal Hemoglobin (A) Mutated Hemoglobin (S)

11. Beta Hemoglobin Protein consists of 146 amino acids Gene consists of 438 bases (146 X 3) Protein comes in two forms

12. The “Normal” Situation (HbA allele) DNA: GGA CTC CTC TTT Codon #5 #6 #7 #8 Amino Acid #6 Glutamic Acid

13. The “Mutated” Situation (HbS allele) DNA: GGA CAC CTC TTT Codon #5 #6 #7 #8 Amino Acid #6 Valine

14. The Difference is in Codon #6 Normal allele: CTC Normal A.A.: Glutamic Acid Mutated allele: CAC Substituted A.A.: Valine Everything else is the same: 145 identical amino acids 437 identical DNA bases

15. Sickle-Cell Genotype HbA HbA HbA HbS HbS HbS Phenotype Alleles HbA HbS dominant recessive normal sickle-cell trait sickle-cell anemia

16. Red Blood Cells ‘donut’ shaped sickle shaped

17. A simple mutation with multiple effects

18. Sickle-Cell in the U.S. Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder in the US More than 70,000 people have sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease occurs in 1 in every 500 African Americans About 8% of African Americans are carriers of sickle cell disease Two million people have sickle cell trait Approximately 1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait

19. Balanced Polymorphism Situation in which selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene

20. Heterozygote Advantage

21. What advantage could sickle-cell offer?

22. Malaria Infectious disease caused by Falciparum plasmodium Mosquito is carrier

23. Malaria perhaps the most deadly organism in the world (to humans) 300-500 million people in the world 1-1.5 million people die each year

24. Malaria Parasite infects blood Part of life cycle occurs in red blood cells Population continuously infected

25. Distribution of Malaria

26. Distribution of the HbS allele

27. The Connection Heterozygote has greatest fitness in malarial environment Both high in frequency

28. Viruses Not alive Require host cell to reproduce Symptoms and effects relate to which host cells are used

29. Viruses Viruses use the cells genetic machinery to make new copies

30. Influenza A Virus Highly variable surface structures Mutates readily Avoidance behaviors frequent handwashing covering coughs having ill persons stay home, (except to seek medical care) minimize contact with others in the household who may be ill with swine-origin influenza virus. Model of the influenza A virus showing HA and NA receptors projecting from the surface of the virus. Source: http://www.udel.edu/chem/white/C647/FluVirus.GIF; accessed May 5, 2009.

32. H1N1 Virus

33. A “triple reassortment” virus consisting of human, avian, and swine influenzas Virus strains 90% identical to H1N1 have been circulating in swine for approximately 10 years Combination of viral strains thought to have arisen when live pigs were transported between North America and Eurasia Source: http://www.gate2biotech.com/origins- of-the-swine-flu-virus/; accessed on 24 Nov. 2009

34. HIV Virus HIV uses T-cells as hosts T-cells are part of the body’s immune system Infection can lead to AIDS

35. From HIV to AIDS HIV+ –exposure to virus and antibody production CD4 (t-cell) count drops after infection, rebounds, then diminishes ≤ 200 = “AIDS” –Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

36. A global view of HIV infection 33 million people [30–36 million] living with HIV, 2007 2.2

37. Ebola Zaire Electron micrograph of Zaire Ebola virus. This is the first photo ever taken, on 10/13/1976 by Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at UC Davis, then at CDC. Diagnostic specimen in cell culture at 160,000 x magnification.

38. Ebola Zaire Majority of cases are lethal The virus’ genome consists of 18,959 nucleotide bases Animal Source?

39. Cumulative reported cases in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone provided in WHO situation reports beginning on March 25, 2014 through the most recent situation report on November 26, 2014. Source: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/cumulative-cases-graphs.html; accessed 30/11/2014