1. Mycology
Myco = Fungus
logy = Study

2. إعــــــداد الطــــــــــلاب
سوزان عبدالحكم إيمان ناصرأحمـد أسماء عبــــــادة
أحمــد سمير فتحي
محمد ماهر محمود
أحمد محمــد نجيب
محمد إبراهيم المهدي
تحت إشراف
الدكتور/ عبدالدايم أبوالفتوح شريف
قسم النبات – كلية العلوم – جامعة المنصورة
(2008 – 2009)

3. Introduction
Mycology : is a branch of science which concentrate on studying fungi.
General Characters
Nutrition
Economic Importance
Reproduction
Classification

4. 1- General Characters Eukaryotic Organisms (i.e true nucleus)
Non-Vascular Organisms
Non-motile except few fungi
Vegetative body may be:
unicellular
Filamentous
Septated
Non-Septated

5. Like plants, have alternation of generation
cell wall similar in structure of plant but
differ in chemical composition
Plant C.W Cellulose + lignin
Fungi C.W Chitin
Fungi are Heterotrophic organisms
Growth by apical elongation of hyphal tip
Food stored as glycogen but plant as starch
Cell membrane in animal cholesterol
in Fungi ergosterol

6. Fungi produce exoenzymes to digest food then ingest it
Reproductive Structures are differentiated from somatic structures
Cytoplasmic ultrastructures similar to plant cells , but differ in kinds or organelles

7. Most fungi have very small nuclei , with little repetative DNA
Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
Vegetative

8. 2- Nutrition in fungi Saprophytes Parasites Symbiotic
Saprophytes : 1- use non - living organic
materials
2- important in recycling C,N
and essential mineral nutrients

9. Parasites :
1- use organic materials from
living organisms , causing diseases to them
2- they have a wide range of
hosts as diatoms , fungi , plants ,animals , human .
Symbiotic :
1- fungi that have a beneficial
symbiotic relationship with other living organisms
Ex :
Mycorrhizae Lichens Commensalism

10. Mycorrhizae It is associations of fungi with plants roots
Types of Mycorrhizae :
Endomycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizae
Fungus doesn’t form sheath around the roots
Fungus penetrate the cells of cortex without penetrating the cell membrane
Ex. Zygomycota
Fungus form a sheath around the root with hyphal grow through the soil which increase the surface area
Fungus penetrate between cells of cortex
Ex. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota

11. Lichens Commensalism Lichens uses
Symbiotic relation between fungus and algae
Most are Ascomycota ,few are Basidiomycota
Lichens uses
Lichens break down rocks into soil
Food source for some animals
Source for dyes , tweed
Commensalism
One organism uses another to get better position
No physiological interaction
Maybe for photosynthesis or reproductive advantages

12. 3- Economic Importance Harmful Useful
Cause human,animal, plant disease directly or their toxins
Cause rot of food
Can destroy manufactured good
Useful
Yeast bread & brew
Antibiotics penicillin
Steroids and Hormons
Stinky Cheeses
Source of organic compost
Source of food
Experimental importance as:
Easily cultured, take little space, multiply rapidly, short life cycle
Study metabolic pathways
Study growth, development, differentiation
Microbial assay of vitamins and amino acids
Study mechanism of cell division and development to

13. Types of reproduction:
Sexual Asexual vegetative
a. Sexual:
- Involve the union of two compatible nuclei with a subsequent meiotic division
- All sexual fungal life cycles consists of :
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis
reduced to
Cell fusion Nuclear fusion N N

14. Nuclei or Gametes Zygote (2n) (n) fungal life cycle Plasmogamy
Meiosis
Nuclei or Gametes
(n)
Zygote (2n)
fungal life cycle
Plasmogamy
(n)
karyogamy
(n+n)
1n Haploid number of chromosomes
2n Diploid number of chromosomes

15. The two fusing gametes may be:
1. Morphologically the same, they are called isogametes and the process of fertilization is called isogamous
2. Differ in size and structure, they are called
heterogametes and the process of fertilization is called heterogamous
Anisogamy
oogamy
The fussing gametes are morphologically the same but differ in size
.Differ in everything
.As between antheridium and oogonium or ascogonium
antheridium

16. Gametangial copulation
Methods of plasmogamy:
Gametangial contact
Gametangial copulation
Spermatization
Gametangial contact:
oogonium
antheridium
The male and female gametangia come into contact with each other, and the male nuclei from male antheridium are transferred into the female oogonium either; through
egg
a pore at the point of their contact or through a tube
called fertilization tube arise from antheridium to oogonium, then plasmogamy & karyogamy occur inside the oogonium.

17. Gametangial copulation:
Fusion occurs between the entire content of the two gametangia by one of the following ways:
a. Contents of one gametangium is transferred to
the other through a pore at the point of their contact
suspensor
b. The content of the two + -
gametangia fuse by the dissolution of their contact walls, leading to the formation
of a common cell, in which the content of the two gametangia mix

18. Spermatization
spermatia
Occurs by the transfer of spermatia (unicellular – non motile male cells) by wind, water or insects to a special receptive hyphae on the female gametangium
Receptive hyphae
Notes
The sex organs are called gametangia which may be differentiated into antheridium & oogonium and produce different sex gametes
Some fungi are: homothalic (single mycelium reproduce sexually), others are heterothalic (two mycelia reproduce sexually)

19. b. Asexual: Asexual reproduction takes place by spores
Fungal spores are variable in: colour, size,
surface:
smooth
rough
spiny
spherical
needle
pear
shape:
kidney
ovoid
spindle
fusiform
unicellular
bicellular
number of cells:
multicellular
arrangement:
solitary
chain
cluster

20. According to manner by which spores are borne on the mycelium, there are two types:
Sporangiospores Conidia
Sporangiospores:
Asexual spores produced
internally in a sac like structure called sporangium, borne on specialized hyphae called sporangiophore
Sporangiospores may be: motile or non motile
Motile
Called zoospores
The sporangia called zoosporangia
They may have one or two flagella similar or
They may fixed anteriorly or posteriorly or
different (tinsel, whiplash)
ventrally

21. Non motile
Called a planospores
Are disseminated by wind current

22. Conidia: Asexual non motile spores produced
externally on a special hyphae called conidiophore
Conidia may formed singly (phytophthora) or in chain (penicillium)
Conidiophores may be free from each other or aggregated to form the following compound structures
pycnidium
acervulus
sporodocium

23. C. Vegetative: Fragmentation: The mycelium breaks up into
fragments, each fragment germinate into a new individual under favorable conditions
2. Oidia:
The hyphae break up into small oval or
rounded segments
hyphae
3. Chlamydospore:
Certain cells of hyphae become
thick walled
chlamydospore

24. 4. Fission:
In unicellular true fungi (Yeast), the
vegetative cell splits into two equal daughter cells
5. Budding:
As in Yeast, the vegetative cell produces
a small out growth (bud) which is finally separated from the mother cell and form a new cell

25. Some definitions 6. Sclerotia: Hardened & resistant bodies
Sporangium: Asexual sac like structure, carried on
special hyphae called sporangiophores containing several sporangiospores
Sporangiospores:
Asexual spores produced internally
in a sac like structure called sporangium, borne on specialized hyphae called sporangiophore.

26. Conidia:
Asexual non motile spores produced
externally on a special hyphae called conidiophore
Conidiosporangium:
Asexual spores, which may be
germinate directly as conidium or sporangium (give several spores which release and germinates)

27. 5- Classification of fungi
Based on:
Somatic structure
Sexual reproduction
Somatic structure:
Plasmodium
Rudimentary mycelium
Filamentous
Unicellular (Yeast)

28. 2.Sexual reproduction: Kingdom: Mycota Plasmodium:
Fungi are classified as following:
Kingdom: Mycota
Subkingdom: Myxomycota
Subkingdom: Eumycota
(Slime moulds)
(True Moulds)
The vegetative phase is plasmodium
Classified according to the method of sexual reproduction
Plasmodium:
Slimy, naked, multinucleate mass of protoplasm

29. Classification of true moulds:
Chytridomycota
Deuteromycota
Oomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota

30. Chytridomycota
Mostly unicellular fungi, occurring in several habitats as soil, roots, rumen of cows
Asexual & sexual spores are produced in sporangia and release as zoospores
zygote
oospore
oosphere
Meiosis
zoosporangium
fertilization
antherozoid

31. Oomycota Reproduce sexually by oogonia eggs
The mycelium is non septated except under sexual and asexual organs
Reproduce asexually by zoospores .

32. Zygomycota Reproduce sexually by zygospore
The mycelium is non septated except under sexual and asexual organs
Reproduce asexually by sporangia or conidia
Lacking motile spores

33. Ascomycota They have ascospore borne inside ascus
The mycelium is septated
Reproduce asexually by conidia

34. Basidiomycota They have basidiospore borne externally on a basidium
The mycelium is septated with a very characterized swelling called clamp connection which have a role in nuclear migration
Reproduce asexually by conidia
Lacking motile spores

36. Deuteromycota Called fungi imperfecti
Don’t have sexual state in their life cycle
The mycelium is septated