1. Lesson 21 Lesson 2 : Analyzing Ethical Issues

2. Lesson 22 The Meaning Of An Ethical Issue Choosing among several ethical or unethical alternatives Other names : Ethical problem, situation, dilemma or decision Factors : Conflicts in moral principles, desire for personal gain, dubious personal character, working environment … A rule of thumb to judge an ethical issue

3. Lesson 23 Examples Of Ethical Issues For Professional Accountants General For auditors For financial accountants For management accountants For tax consultants

4. Lesson 24 A Simple Framework For Analyzing Ethical Issues Identifying the ethical issue Identifying the decision-maker Identifying the stakeholders Diagnosing the situation Analyzing your alternatives Picking your choice

5. Lesson 25 Five Major Factors Influencing Individuals Ethical Judgement Moral development of the decision-maker Stakeholders and their influences Decision criteria or approaches used in assessing various alternatives Standards of behaviour as benchmarks Temptations to rationalize unethical alternatives

6. Lesson 26 Moral Development Of The Decision-Maker Kohlbergs Theory : Six sequential stages Different motivation to follow societal norms e.g. Stage 1 : Fear of punishment Stage 6 : Intrinsic satisfaction for being ethical Individuals of different stages of moral development responding differently to the same ethical dilemma

7. Lesson 27 Five Major Factors Influencing Individuals Ethical Judgement Moral development of the decision-maker Stakeholders and their influences Decision criteria or approaches used in assessing various alternatives Standards of behaviour as benchmarks Temptations to rationalize unethical alternatives

8. Lesson 28 Stakeholders And Their Influences Owning a vested interest or a stake in the ethical decision Maintaining a two-way relationship with the decision-maker Stakeholders : Primary versus secondary Important to foresee the influences of stakeholders

9. Lesson 29 Five Major Factors Influencing Individuals Ethical Judgement Moral development of the decision-maker Stakeholders and their influences Decision criteria or approaches used in assessing various alternatives Standards of behaviour as benchmarks Temptations to rationalize unethical alternatives

10. Lesson 210 Decision Criteria Used In Assessing Alternatives Providing a set of useful guidelines Three common criteria or approaches Utilitarian : Benefits outweighing costs Rights : Respecting stakeholders rights Justice : Fair distribution of costs and benefits among stakeholders Need to prioritize different concerns

11. Lesson 211 Five Major Factors Influencing Individuals Ethical Judgement Moral development of the decision-maker Stakeholders and their influences Decision criteria or approaches used in assessing various alternatives Standards of behaviour as benchmarks Temptations to rationalize unethical alternatives

12. Lesson 212 Standards Of Behaviour as Benchmarks Societys moral principles and values Government laws and regulations Trade / profession-related codes Corporate culture / code of conduct Decision-makers own values and beliefs

13. Lesson 213 Five Major Factors Influencing Individuals Ethical Judgement Moral development of the decision-maker Stakeholders and their influences Decision criteria or approaches used in assessing various alternatives Standards of behaviour as benchmarks Temptations to rationalize unethical alternatives

14. Lesson 214 Temptations To Rationalize Unethical Alternatives The essence of rationalization : Acceptance of making unethical decisions Typical rationalizations e.g. within reasonable ethical and legal limits In the best interests of primary stakeholders The alternative is safe

15. Lesson 215 Individuals Ethical Judgement Be Influenced By Moral development of the decision-maker Stakeholders and their influences Decision criteria or approaches used in assessing various alternatives Standards of behaviour as benchmarks Temptations to rationalize unethical alternatives