1. MAASAI Semi-nomadic Pastoralists Known for their:
Elaborate hair style
Wealth is determined by _____________
Will drink cows blood
Being forced off their land to make room for tourism

2. What is Genocide?
Genocide: is any act that is intended to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.
Examples:
Killing members of a group
Causing bodily or mental harm
Inflicting negative conditions of life
Prevent births
Transfer children

3. Causes of GENOCIDE Difficult social conditions
intense economic problems
intense political conflict
this can be conflict between dominant groups and subordinate ones that are poor and have limited rights
very great and rapid social changes

4. cultural aspects that make genocide probable
Define SCAPEGOATING:
History of conflict and violence between two groups
Strong respect for authority
Totalitarian countries are more likely to engage in genocide than democratic.
WHY?
How does passivity increase the violence?
The New York Times: Multimedia Search for 'rwanda'

6. Hutu/ Tutsi Conflict Hutu 85% of Population Under colonial rule:
serfs/ peasants
After independence:
Hutu’s wanted power back
After plane crash of Hutu leaders, Hutus begin to commit killings of Tutsis
Tutsi
15% of population
Under colonial rule:
Upper class
After independence:
Tried to keep power
800,000 massacred
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
Tutsi militia group
Ended the genocide

7. RWANDA Hutus are the ______________ Tutsi are the ______________
The European power that imperialized Rwanda is ________
Independence was gained in 1961
Hutus took power
200,000 Tutsi’s fled Rwanda
Tutsi’s formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
a militia group
Paul Kagame

8. Rwanda’s Colonial Legacy
1600s- Tutsi kings conquered Hutus
feudal system set up
1916- Belgium took control of Rwanda
required identity cards labeled w/ person’s ethnicity
ruled through Tutsi kings
Tutsi were the minority
1959-Hutus rebelled against Tutsis
20,000 killed
others forced into exile

9. The Spark
1994: Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, plane was shot down
Who shot down the plane?
Gov’t encourages Hutus to kill Tutsi over the radio
an unofficial militia group called the Interahamwe (meaning those who attack together) began to massacre Tutsi’s
Death toll: _____________
@ Hutu: ______________
Why?
RPF defeated the Interahamwe
Defeated Hutus (2 million) flee to Zaire in fear of retribution

10. Timeline
April 7- killing of moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders
US evacuates Americans
8000 dead
General Dallaire, head of UN peacekeepers, is told not to intervene
April massacres of ordinary Tutsis
32,000 dead

11. April 21-22- UN votes to withdraw 90% of peacekeepers from Rwanda
April 19- New York Times report people shot and hacked to death in a church where they sought refuge
72,000 dead
April UN votes to withdraw 90% of peacekeepers from Rwanda
112,000 dead
Tutsi man who survived a machete attack

12. Timeline April 25- UN troops reduced to 450
144,000 dead
April 27- Pope John Paul II is 1st to call it “genocide”
160,000 dead
US cautious to use word “genocide”- WHY? Do you think it was?
May ,000 dead- UN decides to send in 5000 troops but argue over who will pay,
troops do not arrive until JULY!
(Skulls ironically beside a poster of Pope John Paul II. Catholic churches became places of killing during the genocide and two nuns were convicted of genocide by the Arusha Court. )

13. Timeline May 25- President Clinton gives speech
What is he saying?
July 17- Tutsi forces Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) capture capital of Kigali,
Hutu government and refugees flee to Zaire (DR Congo)
800,000 dead
“Whether we [the US] get involved in any of the world's ethnic conflicts in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake."

14. Aftermath Tutsis recapture capital
w/ help from the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
Death toll equaled 10% of the population
90% of victims were Tutsi
10% were moderate Hutus
2 million Hutu refugees flee in fear
Rwanda’s leader at the time, Jean Kambanda (Hutu), put on trial
Given life in prison

15. Reflection Why do you think this event started?
Was Rwanda a genocide? Explain.
What should the United Nations have done? Explain.
What should the US have done? Explain.
Heroes and Bystanders

16. Sudan’s Darfur Crisis

17. Sudan Crisis Janjaweed Black Africans Muslims Beginnings:
Arab Muslim militia
Supported b/t gov’t
Black Africans Muslims
Victims of the Janjaweed
Beginnings:
Black Africans wanted political power and economic equality
Janjaweed used to expel and
combat Darfurians

18. Refugee Camps
-Majority fled to neighboring Chad
-1million million total
-Problems: food, water, unsanitary

19. What are some similarities and differences between Rwanda and Sudan?