1. Chapter 22 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The American Nation In the Modern Era
4/7/2017
Chapter 22 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Section 1: Freedom Now!
Section 2: Voting Rights
Section 3: Challenges for the Movement
Section 4: The Movement Continues
CHAPTER 22--THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

2. Objectives: Section 1: Freedom Now!
How was nonviolence used in the civil rights movement, and how effective was it?
How did protests in Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, differ?
Why did supporters push for a civil rights bill, and what led to its passage?

3. Nonviolence in the civil rights movement
Section 1: Freedom Now!
Nonviolence in the civil rights movement
Sit-ins led to desegregation of lunch counters and restaurants.
March through Birmingham led to increased public support for civil rights.
Freedom Rides led the Interstate Commerce Commission to strengthen regulations.
Montgomery Bus Boycott led to desegregation of buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

4. Albany, Georgia Section 1: Freedom Now!
Protesters were arrested in large masses, but there was no violence.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was quietly let go before he could gain attention.
The protest was not a success.

5. Birmingham, Alabama
Police responded with violence, which caused people to support the protesters.
The protest was a success.

6. A civil rights bill Section 1: Freedom Now!
Supporters believed that legislation enforced by the federal government was necessary to give Americans equal rights.
Successful passage was aided by the Birmingham protest, the March on Washington, and the support of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

7. Objectives: Section 2: Voting Rights
Why did early efforts to register voters in Mississippi fail?
Why did the Freedom Summer project meet with limited success?
How did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party affect relations between the civil rights activists and the federal government?
How did the Selma protest lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act?

8. Reasons for early failures
Section 2: Voting Rights
Reasons for early failures
murder of Herbert Lee
violence against African Americans
violence against SNCC volunteers
arrest of student demonstrators
arson at SNCC office

9. Freedom Summer project
Section 2: Voting Rights
Freedom Summer project
murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner
fear of violence against African Americans

10. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Section 2: Voting Rights
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
created when Mississippi’s Democratic convention rejected all African American candidates
wanted to be recognized as the legitimate Mississippi delegation at Democratic National Convention
offered 2 seats as tokens
led to belief that the Democratic Party could not be trusted

11. Selma protest and the Voting Rights Act
Section 2: Voting Rights
Selma protest and the Voting Rights Act
Many Americans outraged by Selma police attacks on marchers.
Thousands traveled to Montgomery to show support for marchers.
President Johnson, shocked by the attacks, asked Congress to pass a voting rights bill.

12. Objectives: Section 3: Challenges for the Movement
What role did Malcolm X play in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s?
Why did nonviolent protest and the goal of racial integration lose support?
How did northern racial discrimination and urban riots change the civil rights movement?

13. Malcolm X Section 3: Challenges for the Movement
leading minister of Nation of Islam
championed African American separatism
called for freedom “by any means necessary”
rejected beliefs in violence and separatism when converted to orthodox Islam
assassinated by Black Muslims in 1965

14. Loss of support for nonviolence and integration
Section 3: Challenges for the Movement
Loss of support for nonviolence and integration
Those who had endured violence were frustrated with nonviolence.
Activists were angry that deaths of white civil rights workers generated more concern than deaths of African Americans.
Some believed that white students were taking over the movement.

15. Effects of northern racial discrimination and urban riots
Section 3: Challenges for the Movement
Effects of northern racial discrimination and urban riots
Race riots decreased white support for movement.
Economic power became emphasized.
King came to believe that the Vietnam War diverted spending from social programs.
King planned to lead a Poor People’s Campaign.

16. Objectives: Section 4: The Movement Continues
What problems did many leading African American organizations encounter in the early 1970s?
How did the Supreme Court limit busing and affirmative action programs?
What gains did African Americans make during the early 1970s?

17. Problems facing African American organizations
Section 4: The Movement Continues
Problems facing African American organizations
loss of support as a result of economic focus
failure of Resurrection City project
decrease in financial support
FBI investigations
internal conflicts
imprisonment or death of many leaders

18. Supreme Court limits Section 4: The Movement Continues
In Milliken v. Bradley, the Court struck down a lower court’s order to merge city and suburban school districts in Detroit.
In University of California v. Bakke, the Court ruled that affirmative action plans using quota systems are unconstitutional.

19. Gains of African Americans in the 1970s
Section 4: The Movement Continues
Gains of African Americans in the 1970s
first African American mayor of Cleveland
more than 4,500 African Americans in office by end of decade
increase in African American business
increase in African American enrollment in colleges and universities
narrowing of income gap between whites and African Americans
formation of strong alliances and lobbies