1. Causal-Comparative Research July 23, 2001 EAF 410

2. What is it? AssociationalAssociational Differences between/among groupsDifferences between/among groups –Categorical data –Differences already exist Ex post factoEx post facto Much research in medicine & sociologyMuch research in medicine & sociology

3. Examples What are the effects of teacher gender on student behaviorWhat are the effects of teacher gender on student behavior How are administrative decisions affected by genderHow are administrative decisions affected by gender What causes students to join the glee club? How are teaching styles affected by graduate studies?

4. Type 1 Exploration of effects caused by membership in a groupExploration of effects caused by membership in a group –What differences in student behavior are caused by gender?

5. Type 2 Studies causes of group membershipStudies causes of group membership –Why do ISU students enroll in EAF 410 during the summer session?

6. Type 3 Studies the consequences of an interventionStudies the consequences of an intervention –How do students who have taken EAF 410 evaluate research articles?

7. Causal Link Tentative Does gender cause differences?Does gender cause differences? –Girls read better –Boys are disciplined more Other probable links in the causal chainOther probable links in the causal chain

8. Basic Approach Noted difference between two groupsNoted difference between two groups Look for causes/consequencesLook for causes/consequences

9. Similarities with Correlational Research AssociationalAssociational Attempt to explain phenomenaAttempt to explain phenomena Often lead to experimental researchOften lead to experimental research Don’t allow variable manipulationDon’t allow variable manipulation Attempt to explore causationAttempt to explore causation

10. Causal-Comparative -compare groups -categorical variable(s) -crossbreak tables Correlational -individual scores -quantitative variables -scatterplots & r Similarities with Correlational Research

11. Steps Involved Identify & clarify research problemIdentify & clarify research problem –Several alternative hypotheses Select subjects (groups)Select subjects (groups) –Homogenous on some variables InstrumentationInstrumentation –No limits

12. Steps Involved (continued) DesignDesign –Groups differ on specific variable –Groups compared on other variable(s)

13. Evaluating Threats What other factors affect the comparison variable?What other factors affect the comparison variable? What is the likelihood of the groups differing on these factors?What is the likelihood of the groups differing on these factors? Evaluate threats on likelihood of their effect and plan to control.Evaluate threats on likelihood of their effect and plan to control.

14. Survey Research July 23, 2001 EAF 410

15. Three Characteristics Information collected to describeInformation collected to describe Information collected by asking questionsInformation collected by asking questions Information collected from a sampleInformation collected from a sample

16. Major Purpose To describe the characteristics of a populationTo describe the characteristics of a population Not so concerned about whyNot so concerned about why Concerned about what isConcerned about what is

17. Types of Surveys Cross-sectional StudyCross-sectional Study –information collected at just one point in time Longitudinal StudyLongitudinal Study –information collected at different points in time

18. Types of Longitudinal Studies TrendTrend –Different samples –Population may change CohortCohort –Different samples –Population doesn’t change

19. Types of Longitudinal Studies (continued) PanelPanel –Same sample –Population doesn’t change

20. Steps in Survey Research Clearly define objectivesClearly define objectives Construct clear questionsConstruct clear questions Sample (unit of analysis)Sample (unit of analysis) Collect dataCollect data –“live” to a group –mail –phone –face-to-face interviews

21. Preparing the Instrument Not too longNot too long Questions easy to answerQuestions easy to answer Carefully wordedCarefully worded –can be asked as written –will mean same to all –can be answered –will be answered

22. Types of Questions Closed-endedClosed-ended –answers provided Open-endedOpen-ended –respondent provides answers

23. Suggestions for Closed- Ended Questions UnambiguousUnambiguous Simple focusSimple focus ShortShort Common languageCommon language “Unbiased” terms“Unbiased” terms Not leading questionsNot leading questions No double negativesNo double negatives

24. Suggestions for Questions Try them out on a similar sampleTry them out on a similar sample Make them look goodMake them look good Have follow-up questionsHave follow-up questions –contingency questions -- contingent on answer to previous question

25. Nonresponse Some will not return surveySome will not return survey Some items will not be answeredSome items will not be answered Can use random replacementCan use random replacement