1. Feed Additives and Hormone Implants

2. Feed Additives: Materials used in animal nutrition to
-improve feed efficiency
-promote faster gains
-improve animal health
-increase production of animal products

3. Hormone Implants:
Synthetic or natural hormones or hormone-like compounds placed under the skin or in the muscle of the animal
Used to lower production costs by improving both rate and efficiency of gain

4. Performance Stimulants:
Feed Additives and Hormone Implants

5. Antimicrobial Compounds:
Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic compounds
Kill or slow down the growth of some kinds of microorganisms
Livestock and poultry feed additives

6. Subtherapeutic levels of use:
Use of microbial drugs at a lower level in the feed than would be used for treating sick animals
Use in cattle has declined

7. Major difference: Antibiotics: produced by living things
Chemoantibacterial: compounds made from chemicals
Chemobiotic: antibiotic and an antibacterial combined into one

8. Antibiotics: Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin) Neomycin
Oxytetracyline (Terramycin
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Tylosin

9. Ionophores Used in ruminants Monensin (Rumensin) Bovatec
Both common in cattle

10. Chemoantibacterial compounds:
Carbadex
Furazolidone
Nitrofurazone
Sulfmethazine

11. Nutrient-sparing:
The substance allows animals to use available nutrients more effectively
Stimulate microbes in the digestive tract to produce more nutrients
Some thin the intestinal wall to allow easier absorption of nutrients
Daily intake of feed increase
Conversion to meat faster
Control subclinical diseases

12. Broad-spectrum antibiotics:
Control many different microorganisms
Preferred as feed additives
Better results in rate of gain, feed efficiency, and improved animal health

13. Narrow-spectrum: Control only a few microorganisms
Used to control a specific disease problem that my be present in the group of animals being fed

14. Hormones:
Secreted by: adrenal cortex, pancreas, pituitary, ovaries, and testis
Regulate: body functions, metabolism, reproduction
Used primarily in beef nutrition
Use is very controversial

15. Anthelmintics: Dewormers
Used to control various species of wormer
Examples: hygromycin, loxon, phenothiazine, piperzine, thiabendazole, tramisol
Common worms that infest species: roundworms, nodular worms, whip worms

16. Other additives:
Coccidiostats: added to poultry rations to prevent coccidiosis
Sodium bicarbonate and ground limestone: used to regulate pH in ruminant stomach
Thyropotein: added to regulate metabolism and the functions of the thyroid

17. Poloxalene (Bloat Guard): prevents bloat in ruminants
Hydroxyzine, reserpine, trifluomeprazine: tranquilizers added to reduce stress on feedlot animals
Copper compounds: added to improve performance of swine

18. Probiotics: change the bacterial population of the digestive tract
Propionic acid: used to slow development of molds in feed

19. Beef cattle use: Major users of additives and hormones
Increases feed efficiency and rate of gain
Antibiotics fight microorganisms that cause foot rot, liver abscess, respiratory disease, and shipping fever
High percent of rations use: Rumensin or Bovatec (both ionophore antibiotics)

20. Hormone implants: Improve rate of gain and feed efficiency
Place all implants in middle 1/3 of ear
Can’t be used with breeding stock

21. Sheep and goat use: Not a common practice
Broad-spectrum antibiotics used in feeder lamb rations
Ammonium chloride used in goat rations to reduce urinary calculi

22. Regulation of additives:
FDA regulates
Current rules found in Feed Additive Compendium

23. Feed label requirements:
Any levels of any drugs must be labeled medicated
“medicated” must appear under the feed name
Name and amounts must be listed on tag
Withdrawal must be printed
Caution and directions must be given

24. Improper Mixing:
Can cause some animals to get too much and other too little
Causes drug residue in livestock – be condemned at slaughter
Use vertical and horizontal mixers
Clean mixer after each batch

25. Health concerns:
Continued use may result in a resistant strain of microorganisms
FDA is concerned about possible carcinogenic effects of feed additives

26. If we stop using these: Raise the cost of animals to the consumer
Less meat and livestock production
Higher production costs
More feed required
Increase in death loss
Increase vet bills