1. Chapter 9 inventories: additional issues Sommers – ACCT 3311
Acct Class 15
Chapter 9 inventories: additional issues Sommers – ACCT 3311
Chapter 1: Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting.

2. Retail Inventory Method
Explain the retail inventory method of estimating ending inventory.

3. Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Inventory Notation
Beginning
Balance
Purchases
Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Ending
Balance
Cost of Goods Sold ? ?

4. Introduction to Conventional Retail Method
Smith-Kline Company maintains inventory records at selling prices as well as at cost. For 2011, the records indicate the following data: Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 80 $ 125 Purchases 671 1,006 Freight-in on purchases 30 Purchase returns 1 2 Net markups 4 Net markdowns 8 Net sales 916 Use the conventional retail method to approximate cost of ending inventory.

5. Introduction to Conventional Retail Method
Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 80 $ 125 Purchases 671 1,006 Freight-in on purchases 30 Purchase returns (1) (2) Net markups 4 Goods available for sale 780 1,133 Cost-to-retail percentages: Conventional cost ratio: $780 / $1,133 = 68.84% Deduct: Net sales (916) Net markdowns (8) Ending inventory at retail $ 209 Ending inv at cost ($209 x 68.84%) $144

6. Example 4: Conventional Retail Method
Sparrow Company uses the retail inventory method to estimate ending inventory and cost of goods sold. Data for 2011 are as follows: Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 90,000 $180,000 Purchases 355, ,000 Freight-in 9,000 Purchase returns 7,000 11,000 Net markups 16,000 Net markdowns 12,000 Normal spoilage 3,000 Abnormal spoilage 4,800 8,000 Sales 540,000 Sales returns 10,000 The company records sales net of employee discounts. Discounts for 2011 totaled $4,000. Estimate Sparrow’s ending inventory and cost of goods sold for the year using the conventional retail inventory method

7. Example 4: Conventional
Cost
Retail
Beginning inventory
Plus: Purchases
Freight-in
Less: Purchase returns
Plus: Net markups
Less: Abnormal spoilage
Cost-to-retail percentage:
Less: Net markdowns
Goods available for sale
Normal spoilage
Sales:
Net sales
Employee discounts
Estimated ending inventory at retail
Estimated ending inventory at cost
Estimated cost of goods sold

8. Inventory Disclosures (CVS from MD&A)
Inventory Our inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market on a first-in, first-out basis using the retail method of accounting to determine cost of sales and inventory in our CVS/pharmacy stores, weighted average cost to determine cost of sales and inventory in our mail service and specialty pharmacies and the cost method of accounting on a first-in, first-out basis to determine inventory in our distribution centers. Under the retail method, inventory is stated at cost, which is determined by applying a cost-to-retail ratio to the ending retail value of our inventory. Since the retail value of our inventory is adjusted on a regular basis to reflect current market conditions, our carrying value should approximate the lower of cost or market. In addition, we reduce the value of our ending inventory for estimated inventory losses that have occurred during the interim period between physical inventory counts.

9. LIFO Retail Inventory Method
When applying LIFO, if inventory increases during the year, none of the beginning inventory is assumed sold. Ending inventory includes the beginning inventory plus the current year’s layer. To determine layers, we compare ending inventory at retail to beginning inventory at retail and assume that no more than one inventory layer is added if inventory increases. Each layer carries its own cost-to-retail percentage that is used to convert each layer from retail to cost.

10. Example 5: LIFO Retail Inventory
Crosby Company owns a chain of hardware stores throughout the state. The company uses a periodic inventory system and the retail inventory method to estimate ending inventory and cost of goods sold. The following data are available for the three months ending March 31, 2011: Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 160,000 $ 280,000 Net purchases 607, ,000 Net markups 20,000 Net markdowns 4,000 Net sales 800,000 Estimate the LIFO cost of ending inventory and cost of goods sold for the three months ending March 31, Assume stable retail prices during the period.

11. Example 5: Continued Cost Retail Beginning inventory
Cost
Retail
Beginning inventory
Plus: Net purchases
Net markups
Less: Net markdowns
Goods available for sale (excl. beg. Inventory)
Cost-to-retail percentage:
Goods available for sale (incl. beg. Inventory)
Less: Net sales
Estimated ending inventory at retail
Estimated ending inventory at cost:
Retail Cost
Current period’s layer
Total
Estimated cost of goods sold

12. Inventory Disclosures (Walmart from MD&A)
Inventories The Company values inventories at the lower of cost or market as determined primarily by the retail method of accounting, using the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method for substantially all of the Walmart U.S. segment’s merchandise inventories. The retail method of accounting results in inventory being valued at the lower of cost or market since permanent markdowns are currently taken as a reduction of the retail value of inventory. The Sam’s Club segment’s merchandise is valued based on the weighted-average cost using the LIFO method. Inventories for the Walmart International operations are primarily valued by the retail method of accounting and are stated using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. At January 31, 2011 and 2010, our inventories valued at LIFO approximated those inventories as if they were valued at FIFO.

13. Inventory Disclosures (Walmart from MD&A)
Inventories (Continued) Under the retail method, inventory is stated at cost, which is determined by applying a cost-to-retail ratio to each merchandise grouping’s retail value. The FIFO cost-to-retail ratio is based on the initial margin of beginning inventory plus the fiscal year purchase activity. The cost-to-retail ratio for measuring any LIFO reserves is based on the initial margin of the fiscal year purchase activity less the impact of any markdowns. The retail method requires management to make certain judgments and estimates that may significantly impact the ending inventory valuation at cost, as well as the amount of gross profit recognized. Judgments made include recording markdowns used to sell through inventory and shrinkage. When management determines the salability of inventory has diminished, markdowns for clearance activity and the related cost impact are recorded at the time the price change decision is made. Factors considered in the determination of markdowns include current and anticipated demand, customer preferences and age of merchandise, as well as seasonal and fashion trends. Changes in weather patterns and customer preferences related to fashion trends could cause material changes in the amount and timing of markdowns from year to year.

14. Dollar-Value LIFO Retail
We need to eliminate the effect of any price changes before we compare the ending inventory with the beginning inventory.
The purpose of dollar-value LIFO retail is to eliminate the effects of price changes on ending inventory and beginning inventory.

15. Example 6: Dollar-Value LIFO Retail Method
Smith-Kline Company maintains inventory records at selling prices as well as at cost. For 2011, the records indicate the following data: Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 80 $ 125 Purchases 671 1,006 Freight-in on purchases 30 Purchase returns 1 2 Net markups 4 Net markdowns 8 Net sales 916 Assuming the price level increased from 1.00 at January 1 to 1.10 at December 31, 2011, use the dollar-value LIFO retail method to approximate cost of ending inventory and cost of goods sold.

16. Example 6: Continued Cost Retail Beginning inventory Plus: Purchases
Cost
Retail
Beginning inventory
Plus: Purchases
Freight-in
Net markups
Less: Purchase returns
Net markdowns
Goods available for sale (exclud beg inv)
Goods available for sale (includ beg inv)
Base layer cost-to-retail %:
2011 layer cost-to-retail %:
Less: Net sales
Estimated ending inv at current year retail prices

17. Example 6: Continued
Cost of goods available for sale (including beginning inventory)
Less estimated ending inventory at cost
Estimated cost of goods sold
Ending Inventory at Year-end Retail Prices
Step 1: Ending Inventory at Base Year Retail Prices
Step 2: Inventory Layers at Base Year Retail Prices
Step 3: Inventory Layers Converted to Cost

18. Evaluation of Retail Inventory Method
Widely used for the following reasons:
To permit the computation of net income without a physical count of inventory.
Control measure in determining inventory shortages.
Regulating quantities of merchandise on hand.
Insurance information.
Some companies refine the retail method by computing inventory separately by departments or class of merchandise with similar gross profits.

19. IFRS RELEVANT FACTS - Similarities
IFRS and GAAP account for inventory acquisitions at historical cost and evaluate inventory for lower-of-cost-or-market subsequent to acquisition.
Who owns the goods—goods in transit, consigned goods, special sales agreements—as well as the costs to include in inventory are essentially accounted for the same under IFRS and GAAP.

20. IFRS RELEVANT FACTS - Differences
The requirements for accounting for and reporting inventories are more principles-based under IFRS. That is, GAAP provides more detailed guidelines in inventory accounting.
A major difference between IFRS and GAAP relates to the LIFO cost flow assumption. GAAP permits the use of LIFO for inventory valuation. IFRS prohibits its use. FIFO and average-cost are the only two acceptable cost flow assumptions permitted under IFRS. Both sets of standards permit specific identification where appropriate.
In the lower-of-cost-or-market test for inventory valuation, IFRS defines market as net realizable value. GAAP, on the other hand, defines market as replacement cost subject to the constraints of net realizable value (the ceiling) and net realizable value less a normal markup (the floor). IFRS does not use a ceiling or a floor to determine market.

21. IFRS RELEVANT FACTS - Differences
Under GAAP, if inventory is written down under the lower-of-cost-or-market valuation, the new basis is now considered its cost. As a result, the inventory may not be written back up to its original cost in a subsequent period. Under IFRS, the write-down may be reversed in a subsequent period up to the amount of the previous write-down. Both the write-down and any subsequent reversal should be reported on the income statement.
IFRS requires both biological assets and agricultural produce at the point of harvest to be reported at net realizable value. GAAP does not require companies to account for all biological assets in the same way. Furthermore, these assets generally are not reported at net realizable value. Disclosure requirements also differ between the two sets of standards.

22. LIFO to FIFO Conversion – Dow Chemical