1. Myology shandong university Liu Zhiyu

2. Section 1. Introduction smooth m. cardiac m. skeleton m.
skeletal musclevoluntary m.。

3. Ⅰ. Shape and structure of the muscle
1. Classification
long m.
short m .
flat m.
orbicular m.

4. Shape and structure of the muscle
muscle belly
tendon ：
aponeurosis

5. Ⅱ. Origin and insertion fixator 1 2、 Origin）、 insertion， 3 agonist
   3
   agonist
synergist 、
antagonist
fixator

6. Ⅲ. Name of muscles Location of the muscle. Shape of the muscle.
Size of the muscle
Direction of muscle

7. Ⅳ. Accessory structure
Ⅰ) fascia
1、 superficial fascia

8. 2、 deep fascia ：
Ⅱ） synovial bursa    

9. Ⅲ）Tendinous sheath fibrous layer Synovial layer
synovial sheath of tendon
Viscerasl layer
Parietal layer

10. Section2 The muscles of head and neck

11. Ⅰ. The muscles of head

12. 一、Muscles of head Facial muscles : includ
Epicranius (or occipitofrontalis)
Frontal belly
Occipital belly
Galea aponeurotica
Orbicularis oculi Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Nasalis

13. Frontal belly of occitofrontalis
orbicularis oculi
Levator labii superioris
Levator anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris

14. （二） masticatory muscles
masseter ：
Origin－inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
Insertion－lateral surface of ramus of mandible and angle of mandible
temporalis ：
Origin－temporal fossa
Insertion－coronoid process of mandible
action： masseter, temporalis
--- elevates mandible—
close the mouth

15. （二） masticatory muscles
medial pterygoid ：
lateral pterygoid ：
action：
medial pterygoid elevates mandible—close the mouth
lateral pterygoid ：pull the head of mandible forwards--- open the mouth

16. Ⅱ. Muscles of neck

17. Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Origins: manubrium and medial1/3 of clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone;
Actions: acting alone, the head is inclined ipsilateral and the face is rotated to opposite side; acting together, they extend the head.

18. elevate (raise) hyoid bone and depress mandible.
1、suprahyoid muscles
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Action:
elevate (raise) hyoid bone and depress mandible.

19. 2、infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Action: depress hyoid or
larynx

20. scalene fissure ： （三）The deep cervical m. 1、lateral goup
scalenus anterior
scalenus medius
scalenus posterior
scalene fissure ：
it is bounded by the scalenus anterior and medius and first rib ，it contains the subclavian a and brachial plexus.
2、medial group：
longus colli
longus capitis

21. section 3 The muscles of trunk

22. Ⅰ. The muscles of back

23. 1、superficial group （ 1）Trapezius
a large, triangular m. lying on the back of the neck and thorax;
Origin: external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, the spinous processes of 7th cervical vertebrae and all thoracic vertebrae;
Insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula.

24. 1、superficial group （ 1）Trapezius Action：
raises, descends, and rotates the scapula and extends the head.

25. 1、superficial group （2）Latissimus Dorsi
It is a largest and triangular m. lying the back and lateral wall of thorax;
Origins: the spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae and all lumbar vertebrae;
Insertion: inserted into the floor of the intertubercular sulcus
Action:
Extend, adduct， and rotate the shoulder joint medially
Latissimus dorsi

26. 1、superficial group （3）levator scapulae
origin：the transverse processes of the upper 4 cervical vertebrae;
insertion：superior angle of scapula.
Action：raise the scapula.
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus
（4）rhomboideus
Lies deep to the trapezius，

27. 2、The deep group Erector Spinae Splenius position：
It lies in the vertebral groove on each side of vertebral spines;
Action：extend the spinal column and head
Splenius
position：
Action：

28. Ⅱ. The muscles of thorax

29. 1. Extrinsic muscles
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

30. Pectoralis major
Origin: medial half of clavicle,sternum,1th-6th costal cartilages.
Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus.
Action: flexes, adducts and rotates arm medially; arm fixed, elevates trunk; elevates ribs 1-6,aidding in forced inspiration.

31. Pectoralis minor Origin: 3rd-5th ribs
Deep to the pectoralis major
Origin: 3rd-5th ribs
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action:
Draw the scapula forwards and downwards,when the scapula is fixed it helps the inspiration(by elevation the ribs)

32. Serratus anterior It overlies the laeral wall of thorax
Origin: external surfaces of the upper 8~9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: holds the scapula against the chest wall；Pulls the scapula forwards in throwing and pushing.

33. Intercostales externi
2. Intrinsic muscles
Intercostales externi
Origin: lower border of rib
Insertion: upper border of rib below origin
external intercostals membrane .
Action: elevate ribs adding in forced inspiration

34. Intercostales interni
Origin: upper border of rib；
Insertion: lower border of rib above origin
Replaced posteriorly by internal intercostals membrane.
Action: depress ribs for forced expiration

35. Ⅲ. Diaphragm (1) Position and division: Sternal part: Costal part:
dome-shaped between thorax and abdomen, consists of
Central tendon
muscular part
Sternal part:
Costal part:
Lumbar part: arises by left and right crus from upper 2-3 lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: central tendon

36. ③ Vena caval foramen ① Aortic hiatus ② Esophageal hiatus
(2) Openings of diaphragm
① Aortic hiatus
at the level of 12th thoracic vertebra, the thoracic aorta and thoracic duct pass through it
inferior vena cava T8
② Esophageal hiatus
at the level of 10th thoracic vertebra, the esophagus and vagus n. pass throught it
T10
esophagus
thoracic aorta
T12
③ Vena caval foramen
at the level of 8th thoracic vertebra, inferior vena cava through it

37. (3) Action
Contraction: the dome moving downward, increases the volume of thoracic cavity which results in inspiration.
Relaxation: the dome returns to the former position, reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity, resulting in expiration.

38. (2) Weak areas: triangular spaces without muscular tissue
Lumbocostal triangle
between costal and lumbar parts.
Sternocostal triangle
between costal and sternal parts.

39. Muscles of abdomen Anterolateral group Obliquus externus abdominis
Obliquus internus abdominis Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

40. Obliquus externus abdominis
Origin:
Arises from the lower 8 ribs,
and the muscular fibers run
obliquely from the superolateal
to the inferomedial, the
anterior part of the m. change
gradually into aponeurosis,
which pass over the rectus
Abdominis;
insertion: Linea alba .

41. Obliquus externus absominis
Structures formed by aponeurosis of this m. include：
Inguinal ligament
Superficial inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring triangular-shaped hiatus above pubic tubercle
Lacunar ligament
Lacunar ligament

42. Obliquus internus abdominis
Origin: thoracolumbar fascia , iliac crest and the lateral half of the ingunal lig.
Insertion: Linea alba
The muscular fibers run upwards and forwards, and become the aponeurosis close the lateral border of the rectus abdominis. Its aponeurosis divided into two layers to inclose the rectus abdominis.

43. Transversels abdominis
is the deepest one of the three flat abdominal m.
Origin: it arises from the costal cartilages of the lower 6 ribs，the thoracolumbar fascia , the iliac crest and the lateral 1/3 of the ingunal lig. ,
Insertion: Linea alba
The muscular fibers run transversly ,and pass deep to rectus abdominis.

44. Transversels abdominis
Inguinal falx(conjoined tendon) or is a common aponeurosis joined by obliquus internus abdominis and transverse abdomini, it turns downwards to insert the pubic crest and pecten pubis.
Cremaster : around the spermatic cord and testis

45. The Sheath of rectus abdominis
Anterior layer－ formed by the
aponeurosis of obliquus
externus abdominis ；
anterior leaf of aponeurosis
of obliquus internus abdominis
Posterior layer：formed by
posterion leaf of aponeurosis
of obliquus internus abdominis ；
aponeurosis of transverses
abdominis

46. The Sheath of rectus abdominis
arcuate line semicircular line
at about 4-5cm below the umbilicus, the lower free border of the posterior layer of the sheth present arcuated.
Below this line the rectus abdominis in contact with transverse fascia directly.

47. Linea alba
－tendinous raphe between right and left rectus abdominis from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis.

48. The functions of the four pairs of muscles
Support and protect the abdominal viscera
Maintain and increase intra-abdominal pressure, aid in vomiting, coughing, sneezing, defecation, urination and childbirth.
Flex, lateral flex, and rotate vertebral column

49. Posterior group
Quadratus lumborum Psoas major

50. Inguinal canal
Position: oblique passage about 4cm long, and passes downwards and medially, it lies parallel to, and immediately above medial half of inguinal lig. It has two openings and four walls.

51. Four walls Anterior wall Aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis
Obliquus internus abdominis (lateral third of wall)

52. Roof－ lower fibers of obliquus internus and transversus abdominis
Post wall —
Transverse fascia ；
Inguinal flax medially
Roof－ lower fibers of obliquus internus and transversus abdominis
Floor－inguinal ligament．

53. Two openings Superficial inguinal ring
Deep inguinal ring defect in transverse fascia，lies at about 1.5cm above midpoint of inguinal ligament

54. Structures passing through the inguinal canal
Male: Spermatic cord
female: Round ligament of uterus