1. Some Aspects of Digital Cameras Usage Andrej Yu. Sechin, Scientific Director, Racurs VIII th International Scientific and Technical Conference From Imagery to Map: Digital Photogrammetric Technologies September 15-18, 2008, Porec, Croatia

2. Samples of Digital Cameras 150/ 10000 N/A 15 N/A (15000x15000)‏ RC-30 100/ 13900 7.214400x 9400 UltraCam X 60/ 8800 6.87200x 5400 DSS 120/ 10000 1213500x 8000 DMC 62.5/ 9600 6.512000ADS-40 (80)‏ F mm/pixPixel Size (µm)‏ Image Size Camera

3. GSD instead of image scale 1.RC-30 2.АФА 3.DMC 4.DSS GSD = H (m) / F (pixels)‏

4. GSD instead of image scale 0.74 FPS UltraCam 7.5 FPSVisionMap A3 0.35 FPSDSS 0.476 FPSDMC N/AADS-40 (80)‏ Frame RateCamera Minimal flying speed Vmin = L*FPS = 0.4*FPS*H*(S/F)‏ Cessna minimal flying speed is 40 knots (or 21 m/s, or 75 km/h)‏ DMC minimal GSD ~ 4 cm, ADS-40 (SH-40) GSD ~ 15 cm (5 cm pan)‏

5. Flying Height and GSD 20 cm 3000 * 3000 10 cm 1500 * 1500 5 cm 750 m * 750 m RC-30/150/15µm 14.4 cm 2072 * 1352 7.2 cm 1036 * 676 3.6 cm 518 m * 338 m UltraCam X 22.8 cm 1640 * 1232 11.4 cm 820 * 616 5.7 cm 410 m *308 m DSS 20 cm 2700 * 1600 10 cm 1350 * 800 5 cm 675 m * 400 m DMC 20.8 cm 2700 m * ∞ 10.4 cm 1350 m * ∞ 5.2 cm 624 m * ∞ ADS-40 (80)‏ 2000m1000m500mH/Camera

6. B/H ratio 0.61/0.31RC-30 F=150/300 0.27UltraCam X 0.25DSS 0.32DMC 0.29/0.49/0.78ADS-40 (80)‏ B/HCamera Z accuracy: dZ = c*GSD/(B/H)‏ c – image “quality” 60% overlap

7. Color in Digital Cameras For Small and Medium Format Digital Cameras Bayer filter All images are from http://ru.wikipedia.org

8. Color in Digital Cameras For Large Format Digital Cameras: Pansharpening 9UltraCam X 22DMC 1ADS-40 (80)‏ Pan/Multispectral pixel size ratioCamera

9. IMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDAR GPS Accuracy GPSDGPS PPP ( Precise Point Positioning PPP ( Precise Point Positioning)‏ Table 1: Errors (RMS) of GrafNav PPP 6.95.55.8Vertical 5.54.36.1Horizontal Flight 03 Flight 02 Flight 01 Errors (cm RMS)‏

10. IMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDAR LIDAR — may require the same or more accurate IMU LIDAR —can provide DEM without photogrammetric stereo processing LIDAR — can provide DEM without photogrammetric stereo processing Δφ= 1/F ~ 0.006 (deg)‏

11. IMU/GPS, Direct GeoReferencing, LIDAR Real project: Kstovo, Nizhegorodskij region, GSD = 9 cm Orthophoto scale Orthophoto scale: 1 : 2 000 Total images number: 1010 Direct Georeferencing accuracy: 17 cm Orthophoto scale: 1 : 500 Total images number: 294 Bundle adjustment accuracy : 10 cm All data was provided by Geokosmos company

12. What is upcoming? Many systems (hardware and software) for oblique aerial photography Many systems (hardware and software) for oblique aerial photography Pushbroom aerial camera «3-DAS-1» by Wehrli/GeoSystem with 45º views Pushbroom aerial camera «3-DAS-1» by Wehrli/GeoSystem with 45º views

13. Economical/Legal Aspects Economical aspects of Digital Cameras, GPS, IMU, Lidar Economical aspects of Digital Cameras, GPS, IMU, Lidar What Camera is best for…? What Camera is best for…? Digital Images Storage? Digital Images Storage?

14. Thank You for Attention