1. Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

2. The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
Chapter 11
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

3. Chapter Outline Roots of humanistic psychology
Key elements of the humanistic approach
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Psychology of optimal experience
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 3

4. Chapter Outline
Application: Person-centered therapy and job satisfaction
Assessment: Q-Sort technique
Strengths and criticisms of the humanistic approach
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 4

5. Roots of Humanistic Psychology
Existential philosophy
Addresses the meaning of human existence, role of free will, and uniqueness of each human being
Existential psychotherapy focuses on existential anxiety
Ideas promoted by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 5

6. Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach
Personal responsibility
People are responsible for what happens to them
Here and now
People become fully functioning individuals when they live their lives as it happens
Experience of the individual
Therapists provide therapeutic atmosphere that allows clients to help themselves
Personal growth
People are motivated to progress toward some ultimately satisfying state of being
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 6

7. Carl Rogers
Believed in every individual’s potential to for a fulfilling and happy life
Fully functioning person: People who strive and reach an optimal sense of satisfaction in their lives
Anxiety is the result of acquiring knowledge that does not coincide with the impression one has about oneself
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 7

8. Carl Rogers
When faced with extreme threatening information, one relies on defenses
Distortion and denial
Conditional positive regard: Atmosphere when admiration is gained when accepted behavior is portrayed
Leads to denial of one’s weaknesses
Resolved through unconditional positive regard
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 8

9. Abraham Maslow Motives identified by Maslow
Deficiency motives: Results from a lack of needed object
Satisfied when obtained
Growth needs: Not satisfied by finding the object of need
Satisfied by expressing the motive
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
11 - 9

10. Hierarchy of Needs
Categories of needs identified and arranged by Maslow
Physiological needs - Hunger, thirst, air, and sleep
Must be satisfied before moving to higher level needs
Safety needs - Security, stability, protection, structure, order, and freedom from chaos
Prominent when the future is unpredictable
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

11. Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs
Belongingness and love needs
D-love - Need to satisfy the emptiness people experience without it
B-love - Experienced and grows as a result of being in the relationship
Esteem needs
Need to perceive oneself as competent and achieving
Need for self-actualization
Satisfied when people identify their true self and reach full potential
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

12. Figure 11.1 - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

13. Misconceptions About Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Assumption that lower needs must be satisfied before turning to higher needs
Description that need hierarchy is universal
Means of satisfying a particular need varies across cultures
Oversimplification that any behavior is motivated by a single need
Behavior is the result of multiple motivations
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

14. Study of Psychologically Healthy People
Maslow believed that knowing self- actualized people can provide lessons others can follow for fulfilling their true potential
Types of psychologically healthy individuals
Nonpeakers - Have a clear direction in life
Peakers - Less conventional and more concerned with abstract notions
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

15. Optimal Experience
Moments in which a person’s attention is entirely focused on a activity
Referred to as flow
Components
Activity is challenging and skilful
One’s attention is completely absorbed by the activity
Activity has clear goals
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

16. Optimal Experience Presence of clear feedback
Concentration can only be on the current task
Achievement of personal control
Loss of self-consciousness
Loss of sense of time
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

17. Application: Person-Centered Therapy
Application of Rogerian therapy makes clients more fully functioning and happier
Involves creating a proper relationship with clients
Open and genuine
Unconditional positive regard
Reflection - Helping clients understand their own thoughts and feelings
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

18. Application: Job Satisfaction
Occupations should provide opportunities for personal growth and satisfaction of higher order needs
Jobs can satisfy people’s need for belongingness, self-esteem, and respect for others
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

19. Application: Job Satisfaction
Eupsychian management
Rearranging an organization to help employees satisfy higher level needs
Careers provide an avenue for personal growth
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

20. Assessment: Q-Sort Technique
Basic procedure used to assess a wide variety of psychological concepts
California Q-Sort
Requires the client to sort a deck of 100 self- descriptive cards into nine categories according to his/her real and ideal self
Allows the clients to describe themselves
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

21. Assessment: Q-Sort Technique
Clients whose real and ideal selves are unrelated have zero correlation
Negatively correlated if real and ideal selves are at opposite sides
Real–ideal self correlations increase as clients move through client-centered psychotherapy
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

22. Figure 11.3 - Changing Real and Ideal Self Q-Sorts for a 40-Year-Old Female Client
Source: From Rogers, C., International Journal of Social Psychiatry, June 1955; vol. 1: pp. 31–41, Copyright © Reprinted by Permission of SAGE.
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

23. Strengths of the Humanistic Approach
Emphasis on the healthy side of personality
Several aspects have been adopted by therapists from other theoretical perspectives
Growth of encounter groups
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

24. Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach
Humanistic psychology adopted in education, communication, and business
Organizations promote job satisfaction by taking care of employees’ higher needs
Teachers and parents have adopted Rogers’ suggestions for education and child rearing
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

25. Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach
Reliance on the concept of free will to explain human behavior
Key concepts are poorly defined
Self-actualization
Fully functioning
Limited applicability of psychotherapy techniques
Naive assumptions about human nature
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.