1. Business Processes Sales Order Management Aggregate Planning Master Scheduling Production Activity Control Quality Control Distribution Mngt. © 2001 Victor E. Sower, Ph.D., C.Q.E.

2. © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Chapter 13 Capacity And Aggregate Planning

3. Ch 11 - 2 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Capacity Planning Establishes overall level of productive resources Affects lead time responsiveness, cost & competitiveness Determines when and how much to increase capacity

4. Ch 11 - 3 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Capacity Expansion Volume & certainty of anticipated demand Strategic objectives for growth Costs of expansion & operation Incremental or one-step expansion

5. Ch 11 - 4 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Capacity Expansion Strategies Units Capacity Time Demand Units Capacity Time Demand Units Capacity Time Demand Units Incremental expansion Time Demand Capacity lead strategy Capacity lag strategy Average capacity strategyIncremental vs. one-step expansion One-step expansion

6. Ch 11 - 6 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Aggregate Production Planning (APP) Matches market demand to company resources Plans production 6 months to 12 months in advance Expresses demand, resources, and capacity in general terms Develops a strategy for economically meeting demand Establishes a company-wide game plan for allocating resources

7. Ch 11 - 7 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Inputs and Outputs to Aggregate Production Planning Aggregate Production Planning Company Policies Financial Constraints Strategic Objectives Units or dollars subcontracted, backordered, or lost Capacity Constraints Size of Workforce Production per month (in units or $) Inventory Levels Demand Forecasts

8. Ch 11 - 8 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Strategies for Meeting Demand 1. Use inventory to absorb fluctuations in demand (level production) 2. Hire and fire workers to match demand (chase demand) 3. Maintain resources for high demand levels 4. Increase or decrease working hours (over & undertime) 5. Subcontract work to other firms 6. Use part-time workers 7. Provide the service or product at a later time period (backordering)

9. Ch 11 - 9 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Strategy Details Level production - produce at constant rate & use inventory as needed to meet demand Chase demand - change workforce levels so that production matches demand Maintaining resources for high demand levels - ensures high levels of customer service Overtime & undertime - common when demand fluctuations are not extreme

10. Ch 11 - 10 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Strategy Details Subcontracting - useful if supplier meets quality & time requirements Part-time workers - feasible for unskilled jobs or if labor pool exists Backordering - only works if customer is willing to wait for product/services

11. Ch 11 - 11 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Level Production Time Production Demand Units

12. Ch 11 - 12 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Chase Demand Time Units Production Demand

13. Ch 11 - 13 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e APP Using Pure Strategies Hiring cost = $100 per worker Firing cost = $500 per worker Inventory carrying cost = $0.50 pound per quarter Production per employee = 1,000 pounds per quarter Beginning work force = 100 workers QuarterSales Forecast (lb) Spring80,000 Summer50,000 Fall120,000 Winter150,000

14. Ch 11 - 14 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Level Production Strategy SalesProduction QuarterForecastPlanInventory Spring80,000100,00020,000 Summer50,000100,00070,000 Fall120,000100,00050,000 Winter150,000100,0000 400,000140,000 Cost = 140,000 pounds x 0.50 per pound = $70,000

15. Ch 11 - 15 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Chase Demand Strategy SalesProductionWorkersWorkersWorkers QuarterForecastPlanNeededHiredFired Spring80,00080,00080-20 Summer50,00050,00050-30 Fall120,000120,00012070- Winter150,000150,00015030- 10050 Cost = (100 workers hired x $100) + (50 workers fired x $500) = $10,000 + 25,000 = $35,000

16. Ch 11 - 21 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Strategies for Managing Demand Shift demand into other periods –incentives, sales promotions, advertising campaigns Offer product or services with countercyclical demand patterns –create demand for idle resources

17. Ch 11 - 22 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Demand Distortion along the Supply Chain The bullwhip effect

18. Ch 11 - 23 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Hierarchical Planning Process Items Product lines or families Individual products Components Manufacturing operations Resource level Plants Individual machines Critical work centers Production PlanningCapacity Planning Resource Requirements Plan Rough-Cut Capacity Plan Capacity Requirements Plan Input/Output Control Aggregate Production Plan Master Production Schedule Material Requirements Plan Shop Floor Schedule All work centers

19. Ch 11 - 24 © 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e Aggregate Planning for Services 1. Most services can’t be inventoried 2. Demand for services is difficult to predict 3. Capacity is also difficult to predict 4. Service capacity must be provided at the appropriate place and time 5. Labor is usually the most constraining resource for services