1. MANTLE PLUMES, plumes and ‘plumes’: do we need all of them? 1. History of plumes and definitions 2. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence: a. Temperature b. Age progressive volcanism c. Heat flow d. Trace elements e. Radiogenic isotopes f. Seismic tomography g. Uplift shape and history h. Volume of magma 3. Does the evidence require plumes? 4. New models for melting anomalies: case studies a. Permo-Triassic Siberian Traps b. Late Cenozoic volcanism of Central Asia 5. Conclusions Alexei V. Ivanov Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS, Irkutsk Russia www.mantleplumes.org Alexei Ivanov: a lecture at the Paleomagnetism and geochronology laboratory in Beijing (PGLB), China, January 11, 2006. The lecture was given on the occasion of his visit sponsored by a PGLB visitor grant. Special thanks to Prof. R. Zhu and Dr. H. He.

2. Modified after (Anderson and Natland, 2005; Ivanov, 2006 in press) Morgan, 1971 History of plumes and definitions Why current skepticism?

3. Morgan’s evidence and assumptions History of plumes and definitions

4. 1.Oceanic island chains (e.g. Hawaii) do not associate with lithospheric plate boundaries and hence cannot be explained by plate tectonics; 2.Age progressive volcanism requires stable source of heat (hot spots) (after Wilson, 1963); 3.Upper mantle is vigorously convecting and hence the source of heat is somewhere below (source is most likely in the D’’ layer); 4.Oceanic island basalts are enriched in incompatible elements compared with depleted mid-oceanic ridge basalts, hence source is primitive in composition (Earth’s lower mantle); 5.Hot spots lie atop of localized thermal upwellings referred to as plumes; 6.Plumes represent the major part of upraising convective flow; 7.Plumes give the force for plate tectonics. History of plumes and definitions

5. In fluid mechanics literature, "plumes" refer to upwelling or downwelling driven by self-buoyancy (Korenaga, 2005) A mantle plume is a localised, roughly axisymmetric upwelling of buoyant rock, originating from a boundary layer deep within the Earth (Saunders, 2004)... surface hotspots on Earth may have three distinct origins: (a) would originate from the deepest part of the lower mantle (... ‘Morganian’ ) (b) plumes originate from... the top of the large transient domes that correspond to the superswells. (c) The remainder could be upper mantle features, and in that sense ‘Andersonian’ (Courtillot et al., 2003).

6. History of plumes and definitions Plume, hotspot, wetspot, melting anomaly - a region of active or ancient volcanism not associated with MOR- and IA-types of volcanism. Superplume, superswell, megaplume, reheated slab - thermal and/or thermochemical broad upwelling structure either traversing through the whole mantle or located in the lower mantle on a scale of >10 8 yr. Lower mantle plume, primary plume, Morganian plume - thermal and/or thermochemical localized upwelling structure traversing through the whole mantle to the subsurface. Upper mantle plume, secondary plume - thermal and/or thermo- chemical localized upwelling structure originating in the transitional zone. Andersonian plume - asthenospheric structure, which is not a plume in any sense.

7. History of plumes and definitions The classical Morganian plume probably does not exist Arguments pro and contra

8. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Temperature

9. Does evidence require plumes? Temperature

10. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Age progressive volcanism Age increase Plumes are fixed - plates are movingNo

11. Does evidence require plumes? Age progressive volcanism Raymond et al., 2000 Fixed plumes gone with the wind

12. Does evidence require plumes? Age progressive volcanism Stuart, 2005 Hawaiian chain is an effect of thermoelastic propagating crack?

13. Does evidence require plumes? Age progressive volcanism Rasskazov et al., 1997; 2000 Example of complex stress conditions in intracontinental setting Dobretsov et al (2001) use as example of moving plume

14. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Heat flow Hofmeister and Criss, 2004 Total output is 44 TW >than radiogenic output of 20 TW, hence core must contribute heat to the surface 1. Measured heat flow value for oceanic crust is underestimated 2. Half space cooling model used instead of measurements -> 44 TW 3. BSE is made of CI chondrite -> 20 TW

15. Does evidence require plumes? Heat flow Hofmeister and Criss, 2004 Total output 31 TW ~ radiogenic output 31 TW if BSE is made of EH Is the half space cooling model is better than direct measurements ???

16. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Trace elements MORB and IAB are from depleted upper mantle. OIB must come from somewhere else (lower mantle?)

17. Does evidence require plumes? Trace elements Ontong-Java There are many examples when studied basalts do not resemble OIB-trace element component, but they are still considered to be of lower mantle plume origin

18. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Radiogenic isotopes Elam and Stuart, 2004 Iceland plume Iceland plume

19. Does evidence require plumes? Radiogenic isotopes (Helium) Class et al., 2005 Iceland plume Iceland plume Elam and Stuart, 2004

20. Does evidence require plumes? Radiogenic isotopes (Helium) Anderson, 2000, 2001 Comoro plume Iceland plume

21. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Seismic tomography Montelli et al., 2004 Plumes are imaged via seismic tomography

22. Does evidence require plumes? Seismic tomography Ritsema and Allen, 2002 Plume from the core/mantle boundary or lowermost mantle RA2002 M2004 Afar yes no Bowie yes no Hawaii yes no Iceland yes no Reunion no no Tristan no no Louisville yes no Samoa yes no Tahiti no yes Ascension no yes Azores no yes Canary no yes Easter yes yes Yellowstone no no

23. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Uplift shape and history Campbell, 2005 Plumes support broad surface uplifts

24. Burov and Guillou-Frottier, 2005 Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Uplift shape and history

25. Does evidence require plumes? Uplift shape and history Two most voluminous LIPs; Siberian Traps and Ontong-Java did not experienced uplift before the eruptions ! Korenaga, 2005

26. Plumes are thought to be required by evidence Large volume of magma Large volume of magma requires high temperature and hence lower mantle plumes

27. Does evidence require plumes? Large volume of magma Actually, it does not Siberian Traps example

28. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps

29. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Ivanov et al., 2005

30. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps

31. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Modified after Ivanov and Balyshev, 2005

32. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Ivanov et al., 2004; in preparation

33. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Ivanov et al., 2004; in preparation

34. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Ivanov et al., 2004; in preparation

35. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Ivanov et al., 2004; in preparation Upper Mantle Lower Mantle Transitional zone

36. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Ivanov et al., 2004; in preparation

37. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Siberian Traps Data do not require lower mantle plume origin of the Siberian Traps Data do require water in the mantle source of melting Water is brought into the mantle by plate tectonic processes

38. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Enriched isotopic signatures require long conservation of recycled material in the lower mantle and hence lower mantle plumes

39. Actually, it does not Central Asian example New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia

40. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia A number of papers refer Cenozoic volcanism of the Central Asia to be related with lower mantle plume on basis of geochemical data (e.g. Grachev, 2000; Yarmolyuk et al., 2003) Zorin et al. (2004) revealed 7 upper mantle plumes on basis of gravity data

41. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Zorin et al., 2004

42. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Zorin et al., 2006 (2 papers in press) Seismic tomography after model of Zhao, 2004

43. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Demonterova et al., 2005

44. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Demonterova et al., 2005

45. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Demonterova et al., 2005 S=D o /C o I=[Rb o /C o ][1-P o ]

46. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Modified after Zorin et al., 2006 (in press)

47. New models for the melting anomalies: case studies Central Asia Data do not require lower mantle plume origin of the Central Asian basalts Data do require fertile fusible source and upper mantle plumes (in terms of fluid dynamics) Fertile source in the mantle is created by plate tectonic processes

48. Conclusions 1. The term ‘plume’ is poorly defined and hence should not be used in publications without special explanation of its meaning. 2. Evidence cited to prove plumes from the core and lower mantle in many instances do not require such interpretation. 3. Many alternative models can better explain melting anomalies than lower mantle plumes do.

49. Thanks!