1. WWI – Ambient Networks Ambient Networks: Mobile Communication Beyond 3G Anders Gunnar Swedish Institute of Computer Science anders.gunnar@sics.se Guest lecture in the course Distributed Systems Uppsala University 2006-12-05

2. WWI – Ambient Networks 2 IP based core network Networked services IMT-2000 UMTS WLAN cellular GSM Edge networks Wireline xDSL DAB DVB Return channel : Download channel Services and Applications New air interface Bluetooth, IR, UWB, Mesh Sensor, M2M, Dust The Network Vision

3. WWI – Ambient Networks 3 Ambient Networks Strategic Objectives  Scalable & Affordable networking supporting the dynamics of wireless access  Provide rich & easy to use communication services for all in a cost effective manner  Increase competition and dynamic cooperation of various players  Allow incremental market introduction of new technologies

4. WWI – Ambient Networks 4 Network Challenges in the Wireless World  Heterogeneity  Terminal ===========  PANs  Vertical ===========  Horizontal layering  Network intelligence ==  Edge  Cellular vs. IP  Multi-service, - operator, - access  Affordability  User in the centre  Trust Model  Always connected

5. WWI – Ambient Networks 5 Outline  The Ambient Networks Concept  Components of the Architecture  Technical Solutions Node ID Architecture  Project organisation Project Partners Timeline Organisation  Summary

6. WWI – Ambient Networks 6 The Ambient Networks Concept

7. WWI – Ambient Networks 7 Requirements posed on the AN Architecture 1.Heterogeneous Networks 2.Mobility 3.Composition 4.Security and Privacy 5.Backward Compatibility and Migration 6.Network Robustness and Fault Tolerance 7.Quality of Service 8.Multi-Domain Support 9.Accountability 10.Context Communications 11.Extensibility of the Network Services Provided 12.Application Innovation and Usability

8. WWI – Ambient Networks 8 Ambient Control Space 3G Fixed LTE WLAN 4G Corporate The Ambient Networks Idea Ambient Networks: - Common Control Services - Networks at the edge - Auto-configuration - Scalability Services PAN Personal VAN Vehicular Home Community Ambient Connectivity

9. WWI – Ambient Networks 9 The Ambient Control Space Ambient Connectivity Security P2P Management Multi-Radio Resource Management Agreement Establishment Context Information Overlay Support Layer Advanced Mobility Management Ambient Network Interface Ambient Service Interface Ambient Resource Interface Ambient Control Space

10. WWI – Ambient Networks 10 Ambient Connectivity Naming Traffic Engineering Multi-Radio Resource Management Agreement Establishment Context Information Overlay Support Layer Routing Group Information Ambient Network Interface Ambient Service Interface Ambient Resource Interface Framework Functions  Concurrently operating functions communicate through messages  Logically centralized registry for information aggregation and dissemination  Conflict resolution and consistency maintenance Message Passing Resource Registry Conflict Resolution

11. WWI – Ambient Networks 11 ARI Ambient Connectivity ASI Ambient Applications ANI To other ANs CIB ------------ Resource Registry Comp. Agreem. --------- Policy & AAA Trigger & Context Management Connectivity Mgmt Generic Link Layer Network Management Security domain Management INQA & SLA Management Bearer & Overlay Management Mobility Management Flow Management & MRRM Triggers / Advertisements Composition Coordination Composition Agreement Negotiation Composition Management Active Sets configure Onode Realisation Architecture of the Ambient Control Space

12. WWI – Ambient Networks 12 Composition Concepts  A network composition is the negotiation and the realization of a cooperation agreement among diverse Ambient Networks.  Composed Ambient Networks cooperate, and appear as a single Ambient Network to the outside.  The composition procedure is typically plug&play.

13. WWI – Ambient Networks 13 Composition Networking Example 1 PAN Ambient Networks composing to form an ad-hoc AN scenario, flat composition

14. WWI – Ambient Networks 14 Composition Networking Example 2 PANs compose with a moving network which provides connectivity to a cellular network PAN Cell. Train

15. WWI – Ambient Networks 15 Composition Networking Example 3 Customers can roam into networks where operators have made no agreements before PAN Op 1 Op 2

16. WWI – Ambient Networks 16 AN bootstrapping Ambient Network Node (ANN) Embodies one or more Functional Entities of the ACS It is required to implement a basic ACS, which encompasses a basic set of Functional Entities including plug&play management, basic security (incl. ID management), and continuous connectivity Exposes a basic ANI to allow communication inside the cluster of ANNs Bootstrapping Ambient Network (AN) Embodies all mandatory Functional Entities of the ACS (a minimum ACS) “Composition” is a mandatory Functional Entity, which also contains the necessary AN-ID used to identify the legal entities in a Composition Agreement Exposes a minimum ANI An AN is required to implement a minimum ACS and a minimum ANI, but not limited to it Composition

17. WWI – Ambient Networks 17 Composed AN ID ANN Basic ANI ANN ID AN ANI Bootstrapping/Composition ANN ID ANN ID Basic ANI

18. WWI – Ambient Networks 18 Composition Processes and Procedures  The process of Ambient Network Composition can be applied recursively.  Composed network may compose again.  An Ambient Networks may take part multiple different composed networks concurrently.  Three basic phases  Attachment  Agreement negotiation  Agreement implementation and maintenance  Procedures of composition identified so far:  Composition creation/ extension  Composition Agreement modification  Decomposition

19. WWI – Ambient Networks 19 The Node ID Architecture

20. WWI – Ambient Networks 20 Goals for the Node ID Architecture  Working across heterogeneous domains  Treat dynamic changes in a scalable manner  A consistent architecture  Make technologies, address domains and middleboxes first-order components of the architecture  Support privacy, denial-of-service protection, and an always-on security model  Strong incentives for migration and deployment  Significant benefits for adopters even during partial deployment

21. WWI – Ambient Networks 21 Node ID Architecture Overview IP Transport Applications L2 L1 OLD Old assumptions: Point-point connectivity Trusted environment No mobility No multi-homing Best effort NEW New assumptions: Multi-point connectivity Untrusted environment Mobility Multi-homing QoS Node ID Transport Applications L2 L1 IPvX/L3

22. WWI – Ambient Networks 22 Node ID Arcitecture Details  The key design elements of the node ID architecture are  Independent LDs  Reliance on self-managed, cryptographic NIDs  Hybrid routing (locator+NID)  Router referrals to avoid a single administration  NID-based e2e security, privacy, and DoS- protection  Integrated local, e2e and network mobility

23. WWI – Ambient Networks 23 Security  Initial handshake (~ HIP) provides an always-on security model; subsequent packets are protected  The handshake also has basic DoS protection  Additionally, nodes can manage their NIDs and NID routers in a Hi3-like manner to provide network- based DoS protection  NIDs can be changed on the fly for privacy reasons, and NID routers provide location privacy

24. WWI – Ambient Networks 24 Assumption 1  The network consists of individual Locator Domains (LDs)  LD is one routing domain using (a) the same locator namespace and (b) consistent routing system  Within an LD nodes can freely communicate, without relying on external mechanisms For simplicity think of AN=LD

25. WWI – Ambient Networks 25 Assumption 2  Connectivity between LDs is dynamic  Routing changes, multi-homing or mobility events of nodes or networks We assume that there exists a stable core and mobility occurs at the edge Core network LD1 LD2 LD3 LD4 LD6 LD7 LD9 LD10 LD5 LD8 LD12 LD13 LD11

26. WWI – Ambient Networks 26 Assumption 3  No distinction between hosts and routers  Traditional hosts can become routers, such as when a phone becomes the router for a PAN attached to the phone  Servers that act as forwarding agents for mobility purposes

27. WWI – Ambient Networks 27 Hybrid Routing  We have routing on the LD internally (e.g. OSPF) as well as routing on NIDs by the NID routers  This allows us to benefit from internal routing and scales better  Still, handling NID routing in a completely free form topology would be challenging  As a result, we assume a core and default routes up; a tree-like structure emerges  Different routing problems in (a) edge trees (b) core Use a routing hint to reduce routing state:  A hint to somewhere where the location of a Node ID is known!?

28. WWI – Ambient Networks 28 The Routing Hint A hint to somewhere where the location of a Node ID is known!? Destination = NR3 IPv4 HeaderNode ID HeaderESP Payload Destination NID = A Destination NR = NR4...

29. WWI – Ambient Networks 29 Establishing connectivity LD 3 LD 4 LD 2 LD 1 LD 5 LD 6 CN A B NR 1 Registration NR 2 NR 3 NR 4 NR 5 NR 6 DNS/Naming Resolution X A.LD1.com NID_A NID_NR3 Lookup (default path) Well known default path Core NID router lookup service (DHT, table…) Known through registration The Node ID architecture so far

30. WWI – Ambient Networks 30 Mobility and Multi-homing  Integrates local mobility, end-to-end mobility, and network mobility  Even makes network-based multi-homing possible A A B (a) A A B (b)(c) A B A

31. WWI – Ambient Networks 31 Routing Enhancements  Route on LD_ID’s instead of NID’s  Enable use of multiple paths to core  Capability aware routing  Registration vs new routing protocol  Disconnected operation

32. WWI – Ambient Networks 32 Project Organisation

33. WWI – Ambient Networks 33 Project Partners Financed by the European Commission (50%) Budget: 20 000 000 EURO

34. WWI – Ambient Networks 34 Timeline of the Project

35. WWI – Ambient Networks 35 Structure of Work in Phase 2

36. WWI – Ambient Networks 36 Summary  AN project provides a new networking concept  AN Highlights  Composition  Modular ACS  ASI, ANI, ARI  Phase 2 will provide a comprehensive A N prototype This talk is available at : http://www.sics.se/~aeg/talks/uppsala061205.ppt

37. WWI – Ambient Networks 37 Further Reading Project web page: http://www.ambient-networks.org Deliverable: D 1.5 AN Framework Architecture Paper: "A Node Identity Internetworking Architecture", Bengt Ahlgren, Jari Arkko, Lars Eggert and Jarno Rajahalme. 9th IEEE Global Internet Symposium, Barcelona, Spain, April 28-29, 2006.9th IEEE Global Internet Symposium

38. WWI – Ambient Networks 38 Master thesis project www.sics.se/cna/exjobb.html

39. WWI – Ambient Networks 39 Thank you for your attention!!!