1. An Introduction to the Social Relations Model David A. Kenny

2. What is the SRM? model for dyadic measurements componential model normally dyadic data are ordered such that X ij not necessarily equal to X ji focus on random not fixed effects allowance for nonindependence non-sequential model

3. Free Webinar http://davidakenny.net/webinars/Dyad/SRM/ Introduction/Introduction.html

4. 4 Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Bob Steve Sue Ann

5. 5 Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Bob Steve Sue Ann Bob is friendly

6. 6 Bob Steve Sue Ann Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Everyone is friendly Perceiver effect

7. 7 Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Bob Steve Sue Ann Bob is friendly Target effect Hi!! I’m Bob. What’s your name?

8. 8 Bob Steve Sue Ann Bob looks like friendly to me. Social Relations Model: Components of Perceptions Relationship effect

9. The Two Persons

10. Social Relations Model: Rating How Friendly Dave Sees Tom Actor: How friendly Dave sees others in general. Partner: How friendly is Tom seen by others in general. Relationship: How much Dave believes that Tom is especially friendly.

11. Social Relations Model: Liking How Much Dave Likes Tom Actor: How much Dave likes others in general. Partner: How much Tom is liked by others in general. Relationship: How much Dave particularly likes Tom.

12. Social Relations Model: Behavior How Much Dave Gazes at Tom Actor: How much Dave gazes at others in general. Partner: How much Tom is gazed at by others in general. Relationship: How much Dave particularly gazes at Tom.

13. Like Two-Way ANOVA Actor: The “main effect” of the responder. Partner: The “main effect” of the other. Relationship: The interaction of actor and partner with the main effects removed.

14. Focus on Variance We could estimate particular actor, partner, and relationship effects: For example, Dave’s actor effect. Within the SRM the focus in not on a particular effect but on the variance in effects.

15. Other Terms AreaActorPartner Person PerceptionPerceiver Target NonverbalReceiver Sender DecoderEncoder PersuasionReceiver Source AggressionPerpetratorVictim Sport’s ScoreOffenseDefense

16. Variance vs. Effect Actor Variance Definition: How different people are people in their actor effects. Actor Effect Definition: How different a given person’s in how he or she generally responds to others. Example There is not a lot of actor variance in liking; Dave has a large actor effect.

17. Other Possible Units Animals sharks primates elephants mice Tribes (Brewer & Campbell) or Countries Groups, Organizations, or Teams

18. SRM Equation For actor i with partner j in group k: X ijk = m k + a ik + b jk + g ijk

19. Reciprocity Equations X ijk = m k + a ik + b jk + g ijk X jik = m k + a jk + b ik + g jik

20. Reciprocity  Dyadic  Correlation of relationship effects or between g ijk with g jik.  Actor-Partner (Generalized or Individual Reciprocity)  Correlation of actor and partner effects or between a ik with b ik.

21. Sources of SRM Nonindependence l Actor l Partner l Dyadic Reciprocity l Actor-Partner Reciprocity

22. Group as a Source of Nonindependence  Similar Scores for members of the same group  Norms, climate, or environment  However, typically the effect of groups with the exception is one of contrast.  Members are see as different from each other.

23. SRM Example: Liking LikingActorPartnerRelat.Error Friendship.15.14.40.31 Dating.12.26.32.30 Variance Partitioning Liking Actor-Partner (Generalized) Relationship (Dyad) Friendship.12.58 Dating -.42.13 Reciprocity

25. SRM Example: Liking LikingActorPartnerRelat.Error Friendship.15.14.40.31 Likeability.10.14.31.45 Variance Partitioning Liking Actor-Partner (Generalized) Relationship (Dyad) Friendship.12.58 Likeability.28.80 Reciprocity

26. SRM Example: Leadership ActorPartnerRelat.Error Leadership.09.43.19.29 Variance Partitioning Actor-Partner (Generalized) Relationship (Dyad) Leadership.14.03 Reciprocity

27. SRM Published Papers

28. Suggested Readings Back, M. D., & Kenny D. A. (2010). The Social Relations Model: How to understand dyadic processes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 855-870. Dyadic Data Analysis, Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, Chapters 8 and 9 http://davidakenny.net/doc/srmbiblio.pdf

29. The End!