1. Jonathan Gillis Summer 2009 - Dr. Stefan Judex

2. Need: Osteoporosis Data taken from http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/diseasefacts.htm#prevention BLUE - % of Population with Low Bone Mass GREEN - % of Population with Osteoporosis

3. Need: Space Flight http://www.nasaimages.org

4. Long Bone http://www.como.wa.edu.au/uploads/media/long_bone.jpg

5. Ossification: Cellular Level http://www.engin.umich.edu/class/bme456/bonephys/surfremod1.gif LC - lining cells POC - osteoclast precursors OC - osteoclasts HL - Howship lacunae (the name of a resorption pit OB - osteoblast CL - closed lacunae BSU - bone structural unit (the newly created piece of bone) The scenario illustrated is most relevant to trabecular bone surface remodeling

6. Bone Remodeling http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/images/bone_growth.gif

7. Judex et al, 2003; Combining High-resolution Micro-computed Tomography with Material Composition to Define the Quality of Bone Tissue All Figures are Directly Scanned from Journal Articles dual energy X-ray absorptiometry figure specifically taken from Kowalchek et al, 1998

8. Judex et al, 2007; “Low-magnitude Mechanical Signals that Stimulate Bone Formation in the Ovariectomized Rat are Dependent on the Applied Frequency but not on the Strain Magnitude” All Figures are Directly Scanned from Journal Article

9. Ward et al, 2004; Low Magnitude Mechanical Loading is Osteogenic in Children with Disabling Conditions All Figures are Directly Scanned from Journal Article

10. Ward et al, 2004; Low Magnitude Mechanical Loading is Osteogenic in Children with Disabling Conditions - Continued All Figures are Directly Scanned from Journal Article

11. Rubin et al, 2007; “Adipogenesis is inhibited by brief, daily exposure to high-frequency, extremely low-magnitude mechanical signals” All Figures are Directly Scanned from Journal Article Adipose Tissue Liver Tissue

12. Bibliography  Anthony, Catherine Parker, and Gary A. Thibodeau. Textbook of Anatomy & Physiology. 12th ed. Saint Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College, 1987.  Babac R, Smit T, Van Loon J, Doulabi B, Helder M, Klein-Nulend J. Bone cell responses to high-frequency vibration stress: does the nucleus oscillate within the cytoplasm? FASEB J. 20, 858-864 (2006).  "Bone Physiology." Michigan Engineering | College of Engineering - Home. 06 June 2009 http://www.engin.umich.edu/class/bme456/bonephys/bonephys.htm. http://www.engin.umich.edu/class/bme456/bonephys/bonephys.htm  "Bone Structure." Michigan Engineering | College of Engineering - Home. 07 June 2009 http://www.engin.umich.edu/class/bme456/bonestructure/bonestructure.htm. http://www.engin.umich.edu/class/bme456/bonestructure/bonestructure.htm  Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (2009, April 1). News From Space For Osteoporosis Patients On Earth: Resistance Is Not Futile. Science Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com-/releases/2009/03/090330091702.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com-/releases/2009/03/090330091702.htm  Garman R, Gaudette G, Donahue LR, Rubin C, Judex S. Low-level accelerations applied in the absence of weight bearing can enhance trabecular bone formation. J Orthop Res, 2007 Jun; 25(6): 732-40.  Hwang, Soon J., Svetlana Lubinsky, Young-Kwon Seo, In Sook Kim, and Stefan Judex. "Extremely Small-magnitude Accelerations Enhance Bone Regeneration." Clin Orthop Relat Res (2008): 1083-091.  Judex, Stefan, Steve Boyd, Yi-Xian Qin, Lisa Miller, Ralph Muller, and Clinton Rubin. "Combining High-resolution Micro-computed Tomography with Material Composition to Define the Quality of Bone Tissue." Current Osteoporosis Reports (2003): 11-19.  Judex, Stefan, Xin Lei, Daniel Han, and Clinton Rubin. "Low-magnitude mechanical signals that stimulate bone formation in the ovariectomized rat are dependent on the applied frequency but no on the strain magnitude." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (2007): 1333-339.  Judex, Stefan, Nan Zhong, Maria E. Squire, Kenny Ye, Leah-Rea Donahue, Michael Hadjiargyrou, and Clinton Rubin. "Mechanical Modulation of Molecular Signals Which Regulate Anabolic and Catabolic Activity in Bone Tissue." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 94 (2005): 982-94.  Judex S, Gupta S, Rubin: Regulation of mechanical signals in bone. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12: 1-11.  Kowalchuk, Roman, and Murrak Dalinka. "The Radiologic Assessment of Osteoporosis." University of Pennsylvania Orthopedic Journal 11 (1998): 67-72.  Nather, Aziz, HJC Ong, and Zameer Aziz. Structure of Bone. 28 Apr. 2009 http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/5695/5695_chap01.pdf. http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/5695/5695_chap01.pdf  "NASA - exposure to the microgravity environment of space causes astronauts to lose calcium from bones." NASA's Space Biology Outreach Program - Web of Life. 06 June 2009 http://weboflife.nasa.gov/currentResearch/currentResearchGeneralArchives/weakKnees.htm.http://weboflife.nasa.gov/currentResearch/currentResearchGeneralArchives/weakKnees.htm  "NOF - What is Osteoporosis?" National Osteoporosis Foundation. 06 June 2009 http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/index.htm. http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/index.htm  Rubin, C. T., E. Capilla, Y. K. Luu, B. Busa, H. Crawford, D. J. Nolan, V. Mittal, C. J. Rosen, J. E. Pessin, and S. Judex. "Adipogenesis is inhibited by brief, daily exposure to high-frequency, extremely low-magnitude mechanical signals." PNAS 104 (2007): 17879-7884.  University of Alabama at Birmingham (2008, November 3). Crucial Hormonal Pathway To Bone Building Uncovered. Science Daily. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2008/10/081031172937.htm  University of California – Irvine (2009, January 29). Astronauts On International Space Station Lose Alarming Amounts of Hipbone Strength. Science Daily. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090126121350.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090126121350.htm  Ward, Kate, Chrissie Alsop, Janette Caulton, Clinton Rubin, Judith Adams, and Zulf Mughal. "Load Magnitude Mechanical Loading is Osteogenic in Children with Disabling Conditions." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19 (2004): 360-69.