1. Evidence Base Camp: Day 2 Practical Group Sessions Graham Cline – National Police Library Mark Abram – Research Unit Charmian Werren – Research Unit

2. Research question What interventions have been shown to be effective in supporting individuals during an acute mental health crisis?

3. Session Outline Practical session Walk through of an example search Develop search terms for our question area Look at each ‘tier’ of our search in turn Run search of combined terms

4. Recap

5. The process (in a nutshell) 1.Draft search terms/run searches 2.Draft sift criteria 3.Sift received abstracts 4.Request full papers 5.Read and ‘grade’ papers 6.Write it up (‘synthesis’)

6. TermsResults Anywhere in the article “Domestic violence”597,000 “Domestic abuse”32,500 Title only “Domestic violence"23,700 “Domestic abuse”1,220 Published since 2000 (title only) “Domestic violence"13,200 “Domestic abuse”822 Adding ‘randomised controlled trial’ “Domestic violence"0 0 Adding ‘experiment’ “Domestic violence"32 “Domestic abuse”0 Adding ‘systematic review’ “Domestic violence"7 “Domestic abuse”0 Search terms are hugely important Today’s session will really focus on our search terms and their impacts. Librarians and Researchers to help run live pilot searches Group work to build our search terms

7. Boolean is a powerful tool and can be used to create quite complex searches. The standard Boolean operators are: AND OR NOT (or AND NOT) (advanced users only!) Boolean is most effective when used in combination with: PARENTHESES(round brackets) TRUNCATION e.g. politic* WILDCARDS e.g. randomi?e DOUBLE QUOTESfor "specific phrases" 10:45 The Basics Boolean operators

8. Practical example of searching - What works in preventing residential burglary?

9. Creating a search string example of domestic violence

10. String should be based around the research question: What works in the policing of public order? How can we reduce recidivism amongst sexual offenders? Each key aspect identified will then make up one Tier of the search. The tiers will then be combined to create the complete search string. Creating a Search String

11. There are often three tiers, but there can be as many or as few as the search requires. The standard way to create tiers is create lists of synonyms within a table, eg. Tiers Tier 1 Frozen Dessert Tier 2 Wafer Tier 3 Syrup Ice cream Froyo Sorbet Grannita Wafer Waffle Golden syrup Maple syrup Chocolate sauce Strawberry sauce

12. Domestic violence example Tier 1. Domestic violence / Domestic abuse This is the main area of the search. Q: What are the risks/ predictive factors associated with domestic violence/ abuse? Tier 2. Risk factors/ predictive factors These terms interact with the main subject of the search. Tier 3. Effectiveness / What works We want to capture evidence that is evaluative, rather than commentary. Tier 4. Policing (?) We may want to limit our search to factors for the police and policing, or we might decide we are interested in factors identified from healthcare or other potential partners.

13. Building our search string using synonyms Tier 1: Domestic violence/ abuse Tier 2: Risk/ predictive factors Tier 3: Effectiveness Tier 4: Policing Domestic violence Domestic abuse Intimate partner violence Intimate-partner violence (hyphenated) Intimate partner femicide Spousal assault Partner violence Battered women Wife assault Repeated violence Couple violence Domestic murder Risk assessment Risk management Risk appraisal Risk of homicide Prediction of homicide Nursing assessment Lethality risk assessment Predicting/ predictive Dangerousness assessment Evaluation Assessment “What works” Impact Randomised controlled trial Trial Experiment Systematic review Police Policing Law Enforcement Q: What are the risks/ predictive factors associated with domestic violence/ abuse?

14. Turning synonyms into search terms ((Domestic OR Physical OR Emotional OR Familial OR Marital OR Spousal) AND (Abus* OR violen* OR control* OR behav*)) OR Coerc* OR "domestic homicide" OR "marital rape" OR "intimate partner violence" OR "repeat victim*" OR "women’s refuge" C. 197,000 results 11:30 - break

15. Research question What interventions have been shown to be effective in supporting individuals during an acute mental health crisis? mental health crisis intervention acute police What Works/effective

16. Factors in our question Tier 1 – mental health crisis Tier 2 – interventions Tier 3 – acute Tier 4 – police Tier 5 – effective/What Works

17. Tier 1 Synonyms – metal health crisis Mental health crisis 12-12:15 in sub-groups 12:15-12:30 feedback to whole group ProQuest National Police Library catalogue http://library.college.police.uk Google....

18. Lunch Afternoon session starts at 13:15 12:30

19. Tier 1 - Version 1 - ProQuest Search terms Mental ill health Mental illness Mental breakdown Nervous breakdown Psychotic crisis Psychotic episode Approximate numbers of hits

20. Extra search terms Mental* *capacity Depressive episode Suicid* Mental medical condition Unsound mind Mental disorder Psychiatric disorder Psychiatric condition Mental condition

21. Even more search terms Depess* Anxi* PTSD Panic Bipolar Excited delirium

22. Tier 1 - Version 2 - ProQuest Search terms Approximate number of hits

23. Tier 1 - Version 3 - ProQuest Search terms Approximate number of hits

24. Tier 2 Synonyms – intervention intervention

25. Tier 2 - Version 1 - ProQuest Search terms (tactic* OR intervention* OR strateg* OR initiative* OR procedure* OR approach*) Approximate number of hits 3.1 million

26. Tier 2 - Version 2 - ProQuest Search terms Approximate number of hits

27. Tier 2 - Version 3 - ProQuest Search terms Approximate number of hits

28. Tier 3 Synonyms – acute acute Major Serious Severe Severity Violent Intense Emergency Distress Inpatient Detain critical Acute Event Incident Trauma Mani*

29. Tier 3 - Version 1 - ProQuest Search terms (crisis OR crises OR emergency OR hysteria OR acute OR attack* OR episode*) Approximate number of hits 1 million

30. Tier 4 Synonyms – interventions Insert Established Terms for Tier 4 – Police police OR policing OR "law enforcement"

31. Tier 5 Synonyms – What Works Insert Established Terms for Tier 5 – WHAT WORKS ("systematic review" OR "literature review*" OR trial* OR "RCT" OR experiment* OR evaluat* OR "best practice*" OR "good practice*" OR effective* OR assess* OR "What Works" OR impact* OR success*)

32. Initial merging of terms Version __ of Tier 1 + Version __ of Tier 2 = c. _______ records + Tier 3 = c. _______ records + Tier 4 = c. _______ records Issues/ questions/ queries What surprised you, etc.

33. This exercise 1.Shows the value of systematically searching 2.Shows the impact of having multiple tiers in our searches 3.Gives us an idea of the number of articles that might be relevant to our research question… At the next evidence base camp we will sift through the abstracts based on inclusion/ exclusion criteria to identify the full papers to request for the review. www.college.police.uk/library library@college.pnn.police.uk

34. Usual Synonyms intervention* OR tactic* OR strateg* OR initiative* OR procedure* or approach* ("systematic review" OR "literature review*" OR trial* OR "RCT" OR experiment* OR evaluat* OR "best practice*" OR "good practice*" OR effective* OR assess* OR "What Works" OR impact* OR success*) police OR policing OR "law enforcement"

35. Back-up Synonyms " mental health crisis " OR "psychotic episode*" OR "extreme anxiety" OR " panic attack*" OR (suicidal AND (behavio*r OR intent)) crisis OR crises OR emergency OR hysteria OR acute OR attach OR episode* or trauma?