1. Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta
Lab 13
Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta

2. Coniferophyta General features of the seed plants
Common name: Conifers
Synonyms: Pinophyta
Sporophytes: Monoecious or dioecious; trees, shrubs
Strobili: Simple or clustered pollen cone; compound seed cone with ovules on cone scales

3. Coniferophyta Undulipodia (“flagella”): None
Representative genera: Abies, Cedrus, Juniperus, Metasequoia, Picea, Pinus, Podocarpus, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Taxodium
Recognized by: Compound seed cones, needle or scale leaves

4. P Juniper branches Coniferophyta
Top right: Juniperus mature foliage. Lower right: Juniperus juvenile foliage. Left: Mature and juvenile foliage on the same branch.
Coniferophyta

5. D Pine branches Coniferophyta
Note the curled bracts on the main stem, the fascicles in their axils, and the bracts forming a sheath around the base of each fascicle.
Coniferophyta

6. D Podocarpus
Note the broad leaves.
Coniferophyta

7. D Microsporangiate strobili
Left: Cluster of pollen cones on a pine tree. Right: preserved pollen cones.
Coniferophyta

8. D Megasporangiate strobili
Top: Bigcone spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). Bottom left: Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Bottom right: Bald-cypress (Taxodium distichum)
Coniferophyta

9. A Pinus fertilization Coniferophyta
Click on either photo to go to the Flash animation.
Coniferophyta

10. A Pinus wood Coniferophyta
Identify the pith, secondary xylem, growth rings, resin ducts, vascular cambium, cortex, and periderm.
Coniferophyta

11. A Pinus leaf Coniferophyta
Identify the epidermis, stomata, hypodermis, mesophyll, endodermis, transfusion tissue, xylem, and phloem. What are some xerophytic adaptations of pine needles?
Coniferophyta

12. A Pinus pollen cone Coniferophyta
Left: Stereoscope view of entire strobilus. Right: Close-up of microsporophylls with microsporangia.
Coniferophyta

13. A Pinus pollen tubes Coniferophyta
Note the sacci, pollen tube, generative nucleus, and tube nucleus. These are germinated in artificial culture, in a sugar solution with hormones.
Coniferophyta

14. A Pinus young ovulate cone
Left: Preserved pine seed cone, about the time that pollination takes place. Right: longitudinal section, showing cone scales and ovules.
Coniferophyta

15. A Pinus young ovulate cone
Left: Stereoscope view, showing entire strobilus. Right, top and bottom: an ovule showing the meiocyte and micropyle in the same section. Click on either one to go to the Flash animation.
Coniferophyta

16. A Pinus mature embryo Coniferophyta
Identify the female gametophyte, cotyledons, epicotyl, and hypocotyl. The radicle is shredded in each of these.
Coniferophyta

17. P Pine seeds for dissection
Coniferophyta

18. P Conifer seedlings from Lab 2
Distinguish the cotyledons from the first true leaves.
Coniferophyta

19. Gnetophyta General features of the seed plants
Common name: Gnetophytes
Synonyms: None
Sporophytes: Dioecious; shrubs, vines
Strobili: Compound pollen cone; seed cone with 1-2 ovules

20. Gnetophyta Undulipodia (“flagella”): None
Representative genera: Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia
Recognized by: Compound pollen cones, opposite leaves

21. D Ephedra
Left: Ephedra growing in the Temblor Range of central California. Right: Ephedra in the San Bernardino Mountains.
Gnetophyta

22. D Ephedra pollen cone Gnetophyta
Note the bracts and microsporangia. This is a compound strobilus.
Gnetophyta

23. D Ephedra pollen cone Gnetophyta
Note the bracts and microsporangia. This is a compound strobilus.
Gnetophyta

24. D Ephedra seed cone Gnetophyta
Click on an image to see the Flash animation.
Gnetophyta