2. Flight 256

3. Skeletal System Child’s first steps

4. Skeleton

5. What would you look like without bones? Without bones inside you to give you shape, you would be a BLOB!

6. Interesting facts The longest bone in your body is the bone above your knee, the thighbone. The longest bone in your body is the bone above your knee, the thighbone. Your funny bone isn’t a bone at all. Your funny bone isn’t a bone at all. When you were born, you had more than 300 bones. By the time you stop growing, you’ll have 206. When you were born, you had more than 300 bones. By the time you stop growing, you’ll have 206. Your bones are living. They grow as you get older. Your bones are living. They grow as you get older.

7. Describe how bone is formed. Compare the different types of bones. Identify the structure and functions of the skeletal system. Section Objectives

8. Skeletal System Total of 206 bones Total of 206 bones framework, hard, rigid framework, hard, rigid

9. The adult human skeleton contains about 206 bones. Its two main parts are shown. Skeletal System Structure

11. What can you do to take care of your skeletal system?

12. 2 Divisions of Skeletal System 1. Axial - skull, vertebrae, ribs 1. Axial - skull, vertebrae, ribs 2. Appendicular - legs, arms, etc. 2. Appendicular - legs, arms, etc.

13. 5 Functions of Skeletal System 1. Support 1. Support 2. Protection 2. Protection 3. Stores minerals ( Calcium and Phosphorous) 3. Stores minerals ( Calcium and Phosphorous) 4. Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation 4. Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation 5. Movement 5. Movement

14. Sternum Sphenoid Bone

15. Bone Structures :

16. Skeleton Movement

17. 1. Periosteum outside layer of the shaft portion of the long bone. outside layer of the shaft portion of the long bone.

18. 2. Spongy bone spaces in bone, found at ends. Air spaces help reduce the mass of the bone. spaces in bone, found at ends. Air spaces help reduce the mass of the bone. Above: Note the relationship btwn the compact and spongy bone. Below: Close up of spongy bone.

19. 3. Compact bone dense, help give bones strength. dense, help give bones strength.

20. 4. Red bone marrow help in red blood cell formation. Found in the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis. help in red blood cell formation. Found in the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis.

21. 5. Yellow bone marrow mostly made of stored fat cells. mostly made of stored fat cells.

22. Compare compact and spongy bone as viewed with the light microscope

23. 7. Osteoblasts Potential bone cells that secrete a protein called collagen that help make new bone cells needed for growth and repair of bones. Potential bone cells that secrete a protein called collagen that help make new bone cells needed for growth and repair of bones.

24. 8. Osteocytes Living bone cells. Living bone cells.

25. What does the skull protect? your brain.

26. Got Milk?

27. posterior view p. 135

28. Bone Growth Bone cells do reproduce throughout life. Bone cells do reproduce throughout life.

29. Your bones grow in both length and diameter. Growth in length occurs at the ends of bones in cartilage plates. Growth in diameter occurs on the outer surface of the bone. After growth stops, bone-forming cells are involved in repair and maintenance of bone. Bone growth

30. Cartilage tough flexible connective tissue. Cartilage is replaced as a child gets older until the age of about 25. tough flexible connective tissue. Cartilage is replaced as a child gets older until the age of about 25. Located: ears, nose, between vertebrae. Located: ears, nose, between vertebrae.

31. Epiphyseal Plate or growth plate growth line of long bones. growth line of long bones.

32. Body Movement – occurs when limbs or other body parts move. The interaction of bones and muscles. occurs when limbs or other body parts move. The interaction of bones and muscles.

33. Skeletal Organization Skull – protects the brain Skull – protects the brain Rat skull

34. Fontanels – soft spots of a baby’s head which helps the skull compress during child birth. Later they close and harden. soft spots of a baby’s head which helps the skull compress during child birth. Later they close and harden.

35. Sutures Allows for growth

37. Hyoid Bone Located in the neck between the lower jaw and larynx. Located in the neck between the lower jaw and larynx. Supports the tongue and helps with movement. Supports the tongue and helps with movement. U Shaped U Shaped

38. Vertebral Column Consists of the vertebrae. Consists of the vertebrae. They are separated by cartilaginous discs. They are separated by cartilaginous discs. They help with support, movement and hemopoiesis. They help with support, movement and hemopoiesis.

41. Joint articulations between bones. Allow fexibilty. articulations between bones. Allow fexibilty. There are 230 joints in the body. There are 230 joints in the body.

42. 3 Joint Types:

43. Joints

44. 4 Kinds of Joints: 1. Ball and socket (hip or shoulder) 1. Ball and socket (hip or shoulder) 2. Pivot (head and forearm at elbow.) 2. Pivot (head and forearm at elbow.)

45. Kinds of Joints: Cont 3. Hinge (knee or elbow) 3. Hinge (knee or elbow) 4. Gliding (wrist) 4. Gliding (wrist)

46. Joints Fixed – unmoveable joint. Ex: joints (suture) in the skull. Fixed – unmoveable joint. Ex: joints (suture) in the skull.

47. Joint Structures: 1. Bursae - fluid filled sacs found in joints that help cushion. 1. Bursae - fluid filled sacs found in joints that help cushion. 2. Ligaments - connective tissue that connects bone to bone. 2. Ligaments - connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

48. Joint Structures: 3. Tendons - connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. 3. Tendons - connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. 4. Menisci – flattened, shock absorbing pad between two articulating surfaces of the bone. 4. Menisci – flattened, shock absorbing pad between two articulating surfaces of the bone.

50. Diseases and Conditions of the skeletal system

51. 7 Injuries and Diseases of Bones: 1. Bursitis - bursae produces too much fluid making the joint swollen and tender. 1. Bursitis - bursae produces too much fluid making the joint swollen and tender. 2. Arthritis - joint becomes inflamed and painful. 2. Arthritis - joint becomes inflamed and painful. 3. Fracture - heal with cartilaginous tissue callus. As a fracture heals cartilage is replaced by bone. 3. Fracture - heal with cartilaginous tissue callus. As a fracture heals cartilage is replaced by bone.

52. Clinical Conditions 4. Osteomalacia 4. Osteomalacia “soft bones.” Adult form of Rickets “soft bones.” Adult form of Rickets Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light. Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light. 5. Rickets 5. Rickets Children's form of osteomalacia Children's form of osteomalacia What about the above x-ray is indicative of rickets?

53. Clinical Conditions 6. Osteomyelitis 6. Osteomyelitis Osteo=bone + myelo=marrow + itis=inflammation. Osteo=bone + myelo=marrow + itis=inflammation. Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (e.g., compound fracture) or migrate from a nearby infection. Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (e.g., compound fracture) or migrate from a nearby infection. Fatal before the advent of antibiotics. Fatal before the advent of antibiotics.

54. Clinical Conditions 7. Osteoporosis - loss of bone volume and mineral content, this may lead to weaken bones that break easily. 7. Osteoporosis - loss of bone volume and mineral content, this may lead to weaken bones that break easily.

55. Other Clinical Conditions Gigantism Gigantism Childhood hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland causes excessive growth. Childhood hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland causes excessive growth. Acromegaly Acromegaly Adulthood hypersecretion of GH causes overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH such as the bones of the face, feet, and hands. Adulthood hypersecretion of GH causes overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH such as the bones of the face, feet, and hands. Pituitary dwarfism Pituitary dwarfism GH deficiency in children resulting in extremely short long bones and maximum stature of 4 feet. GH deficiency in children resulting in extremely short long bones and maximum stature of 4 feet.

56. Giantism

58. Doctors/Medicine A. Cardiology - heart A. Cardiology - heart B. Oncology - cancer B. Oncology - cancer C. Pediatrics - children C. Pediatrics - children

59. Doctors/Medicine D. Geriatrics - Aging D. Geriatrics - Aging E. Dermatology - skin E. Dermatology - skin F. Obstetrics - childbirth F. Obstetrics - childbirth G. Orthopedics - bone G. Orthopedics - bone

60. What type of joint is illustrated in this image? What type of joint is illustrated in this image? D. gliding C. pivot B. hinge A. ball and socket Question 1

61. The answer is C. Pivot joints allow bones to twist around each other.

62. Where, on the body, would you find bursae? Where, on the body, would you find bursae? Question 2 D. pelvis C. shoulder B. hands A. skull

63. The answer is C, shoulder. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs located on the outside of the joints. They act to decrease friction.

64. Trivia Humans and giraffes have the same number of bones in their necks Humans and giraffes have the same number of bones in their necks

65. Important bones of the Body

66. Thoracic Area Sternum (place ribs attach) Sternum (place ribs attach) Parts of sternum (Manubrium, Body and Xiphoid Process) Parts of sternum (Manubrium, Body and Xiphoid Process)

67. Pectoral Girdle – Scapula -2 (shoulder blade) and Clavicle -2 (collar bone) Scapula -2 (shoulder blade) and Clavicle -2 (collar bone)

68. Upper limbs – Upper arm is the Humerus -2 Upper arm is the Humerus -2 Lower arm is the Radius -2 and Ulna – 2 Lower arm is the Radius -2 and Ulna – 2 Hand is the Carpal – 16 and Metacarpals – 10, Hand is the Carpal – 16 and Metacarpals – 10, Phalanges (fingers) - 28 Phalanges (fingers) - 28

69. Pelvic Girdle – Coxae (Hip bone) – 2 Coxae (Hip bone) – 2 sacrum – 1 sacrum – 1 Coccyx (tail bone) -1 Coccyx (tail bone) -1

70. Lower Limbs Femur (2) Upper leg Femur (2) Upper leg The strongest bone in the body is the femur. The strongest bone in the body is the femur. Tibia (2) and Fibula (2) lower leg Tibia (2) and Fibula (2) lower leg Patella (2) knee Patella (2) knee Tarsals (14) and Metatarsals (5) Foot Tarsals (14) and Metatarsals (5) Foot Phlanges (28) Toes Phlanges (28) Toes