1. Striving For Independence India, Africa & Latin America
Chapter 30
Striving For Independence
India, Africa & Latin America

2. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
The Land and the People
Monsoons
Agriculture depended on monsoons
- Able to support huge populations
monsoons failed
- 2 million died from starvation

3. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
2. Population growth
250 million in 1900
319 million in 1921
389 million in 1941
Cities became crowded with unemployed
Less land available for peasant farmers

4. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
3. Divided People
Many different native languages
English became medium of communication from middle and upper classes
Hinduism divided the people into hundreds of castes
¼ of the population was Muslim

5. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
B. British Rule & Indian Nationalism
British Rule
Colonial India ruled by a viceroy
appointed by British gov’t
Administered by the Indian Civil service
- Mostly British
- Efficient and honest

6. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
2. India’s Economy
Economy modernized to benefit the British
Railroads, harbors, telegraphs and irrigation
Increased foreign trade & British control
Discouraged cotton & steel industries, training of Indian engineers
- Protect British industry

7. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
3. Race and Nationalism
India’s middle class received European education
- Freedom, representative government
Discovered racial quotas limited opportunities for Indians in Civil Service and officer corps
Indian National Congress formed (1885)to gain access to administrative positions, voice in government
Muslims, fearful of Hindu dominance, founded the All-India Muslim League in 1906
- giving India not one, but two independence movements.

8. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
4. Industrialization and Nationalism
The British resisted the idea that India could or should industrialize,
Pramatha Nath Bose of the Indian Geological Service and Jamseji Tata, a Bombay textile magnate, established India’s first steel mill in Jamshedpur in 1911.
Jamshedpur became a powerful symbol of Indian national pride.

9. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
5. War and Nationalism
1.2 million Indians volunteered to serve British army in WWI
British made vague promise of self government
The influenza epidemic of 1918–1919 killed millions of Indians
- Added to political tension
British general ordered his troops to fire into a crowd of 10,000 demonstrators (1919).

10. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
C. Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence
Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869–1948)
English-educated lawyer who practiced in South Africa
Joined the INC during WWI.
Gandhi’s political ideas included ahimsa (nonviolence) and satyagraha (the search for truth).

11. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
Image
Gandhi dressed and lived simply
Reached out to the poor, the illiterate, and the outcasts
transformed the cause of Indian independence from an elite movement to a mass movement with a quasi-religious aura.

12. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
Protest
Gandhi’s brilliant political tactician and master of public relations
80 mile “Walk to the Sea” to make salt (1929)
in violation of the government’s salt monopoly
Hunger Strikes to protest police violence and to demand independence
Repeated arrests and prison sentences.
- Spent a total of 6 years in prison

13. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
D. India Moves Toward Independence
Beginnings of Self Rule
In the 1920s the British slowly and reluctantly began to give Indians control of areas such as education, the economy, and public works.
High tariff barriers were erected behind which Indian entrepreneurs were able to undertake a degree of industrialization
this helped to create a class of wealthy Indian businessmen
looked to Gandhi’s designated successor in the Indian National Congress–Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)–for leadership.

14. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
WWII
Divided the Indian people
Indians contributed heavily to the war effort
- 2 million soldiers, natural resources
the Indian National Congress opposed the war
- “Quit India” campaign

15. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
E. Partition and Independence
Division
Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) demanded that Muslims be given a country of their own
Pakistan.
Mutual animosity between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League led to the partition of India into two states
- India and Pakistan (1947).

16. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
Violence and Migrations
Partition and independence were accompanied by violence between Muslims and Hindus
- 500,000 killed
massive flows of refugees
Hindus left predominantly Muslim areas
Muslims left predominantly Hindu areas.
12 million refugees
Gandhi assassinated by Hindu refugee in 1948

17. I. Indian Independence 1905-1947
4. India vs. Pakistan
Dispute over the region of Kashmir
Majority of residents Muslim
Strategically important
- Foothills to Himalayas
- Headwaters to rivers that irrigated millions of acres of farms
Several wars were fought over control Kashmir in 20th century