2. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Memory Engram Temporal Types of Memory

3. to accept information (encoding) to retrieve (retrieval)
Memory
ability
to accept information (encoding)
to store (storage)
to retrieve (retrieval)
information from NS

4. Memory involves at least four distinct processes:
Encoding - incoming information must be perceived
Consolidation – newly stored information is labile, to make it more stable (expression of genes, structural changes
Storage- to retain over time, almost unlimited capacity
Retrieval – to bring different kinds of information together, it is constructive process, subject to distortion

5. Consolidation Retrograde amnesia
A person who has been knocked unconscious selectively loses memory for events that occured before the blow

6. Retrieval
recall (reproduction) - serial
- free recall
- cued record (with help, hint)
(reproduction of paired associations)
Recognition (to recognize again)

7. Memory vs learning
Engram (print, foot-mark)
Memory is not homogeneous
Duration, persistence
Brain structures
Molecular mechanisms

8. Donald Olding Hebb
*1904 †1985
Canadian psychologist
Hebb's Law.
"Neurons that fire together wire together."
Hebbian theory:
When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased

9. 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Eric Richard Kandel
1929 Vienna
2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Experimental support for Hebbian learning
The California sea slug (Aplysia californica) is also commonly called the California sea hare, and this is because the shape of all Aplysia species is reminiscent of the shape of a rabbit or hare. Sea hares are a kind of shell-less sea snail, a marine mollusk

10. Molecular mechanisms
Posttetanic potentiation (short term potentiation)
Long term potentiation LTP

11. Posttetanic potentiation

12. Posttetanic potentiation
Large Ca2+ influx. Saturation of the various Ca2+ buffering systems (ER, mitochondia)
Temporary excess of Ca2+ is called residual Ca2+.
Concentration of free Ca2+ increases the amount of transmitter released

13. Posttetanic potentiation
A hight rate of stimulation of the presynaptic neuron
A gradual increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential
Postsynaptic potential increases in size = potentiation

14. Posttetanic potentiation
The enhancement in the strength of the synapse represents storage of information about previous activity
It can lasts minutes but can persist for an hour.
An elementary form of memory

15. Long term potentiation LTP

16. NMDA – glutamate receptor

17. Glutamate
receptors

18. Long term potentiation LTP
Glutamate synapse
Both NMDA and AMPA receptors

19. Long term potentiation LTP
Increase the sensitivity Increase the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors
retrograde messenger (NO)

20. Long term potentiation LTP
Postsynaptic part
NMDA redeptor
retrograde messenger (nitric oxide)
Presynaptic part
NO initiate an enhancement of transmitter release that contributes to LTP

21. Long term potentiation LTP
New synapses
Ca2+ + calmodulin
Transcription - mRNA
Translation - proteins

22. Long term potentiation LTP
Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors
retrograde messenger NO (enhancement of transmitter release )
New synapses

23. Temporal phases of memory (based on different biological mechanisms)

24. Iconic (visual) – reflect the activity of sensory buffers, continuation of sensory neural activity
Short-term memories – last for seconds up to a minutes
Long-term memory – weeks, months, years, for the rest of the life of an organism (permanent memory)
Working memory (short-term plus activated long term memory)

25. A scheme of memory processes that includes encoding, consolidation and retrieval

26. Iconic memory (visual persistence, example burning ring)
Iconic (visual) echoic (auditory) – reflects the activity of sensory buffers, continuation of sensory neural activity
Iconic memory (visual persistence, example burning ring)
George Sperling 1960
Experiment:
whole-report procedure
Presentation 50 ms
Recall of 3-5 symbols
In Sternberg R.J.: Kognitivní psychologie, Portál, Praha 2002: s. 187.

27. partial-report procedure
Iconic (visual)
George Sperling 1960
Experiment:
partial-report procedure
Presentation 50 ms
Cued recall – The frequency of the tone (high, medium, or low) indicated which set of characters within the display were to be reported
Recall of 9 symbols
Sperling's original partial report paradigm
Iconic memory is described as a very brief (<1000 ms), pre-categorical, high capacity memory store

28. Short-term memories
last for seconds up to a minutes
capacity 7 ± 2 items

29. Verbal memory
AVLT Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Remember folowing words

30. Verbal memory 1. table 2. cloud 3. bookcase 4. tree 5. shirt 6. cat
7. light
8. dick
9. bench
10. chalk
11. flower
12. bat
13. blanket
14. soap
15. pillow
AVLT
Who recall word
table
light
bench
pillow
Dick

31. What is fresh (last word)
Verbal memory
Ebinghaus curve
order in series
What is first
What is fresh (last word)

32. Verbal memory
Better memory for
What concern you personally
Personally interesting
Unusual
Connected with emotions
erotic subtext

33. Comparison of verbal and visual memory

34. Explore each picture

36. Write down names of things

37. Interactive image Envelope Music Bird Brush Palette Tin Screwdriver
Telephone
Fireman
Stairs
Dustbin
Bike
Money
Hen
Lettuce
Interactive image

38. Long term memory
Pacient H.M.

39. H.M. was taught to trace between two outlines of a star while viewing his hand in a mirror

41. Regions of the human brain that have been implicated in the formulation of long-term declarative memories.
A lateral view of the brain shows the levels of the transverse sections
Cross sections in two levels

42. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Episodic
Store events autobiographical
Semantic
Non
associative
Associative learning

43. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Episodic
Store events autobiographical
Semantic
Non
associative
Associative learning

44. Epizodic-like memory test

45. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Epizodic
Store events autobiografic
Semantic
Store facts
Non
associative
Associative learning

46. Morris water maze

47. Temporal lobe lesion

48. Blue velvet arena

49. Test: Hidden goal in Blue velvet arena
Alzheimer disease
Vascular dementia
Control group
Mild cognitive impairment

50. Epizodic-like memory test

51. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Epizodic
Store events autobiografic
Semantic
Store facts
Non-
associative
No relation between two or more stimuli, behavior and its consequence are not related to.
Associative learning
Habituation
Sensitization
Imprinting

52. Long term memory nonassociateve Habituation
An animal responds less and less strongly to uniform gentle taps on its surface.
Decreas in response to repeated stimulus

53. Long term memory nonassociateve Sensitization By a strong stimulation.
A single electrical shock to the skin.
Stronger reaction to the weak tap.
Increas in response to repeated stimulus

54. Long term memory
nonassociateve
Imprinting

55.                                                                     
Konrad Lorenz
Greylag geese
incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus
the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself

56. Konrad Lorenz
Critical period
imprinted goslings

57. Long term memory Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Epizodic
Store events autobiografic
Semantic
Store facts
Non
associative
associative learning – relation between stimulus-response two or more stimuli, events,
behavior – its consequence
Long term memory
classical conditioning
instrumental, operant conditioning (standard or motor learning)
conditioned taste aversion
priming

58. Classical conditioning
Ivan Petrovič Pavlov

59. Classical conditioning
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington

60. Standard operant conditioning
Edward Lee Thorndike
( )

61. Standard operant conditioning
Skinner`s box

62. Priming

63. Priming
ABSENT
INCOME
FILLY
DISCUSS
CHEESE
ELEMENT

64. Priming

65. Priming
ABS
INC
FIL
DIS
CHE
ELE

66. Summary

67. Molecular level, synapses
Posttetanic potentiation Long term potentiation

68. Long term memory classification
Iconic memory
Short term memory
Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Episodic
Store events autobiographical
Semantic
Non
associative
Associative learning