1. Design of Experiments – Methods and Case Studies Dan Rand Winona State University ASQ Fellow 5-time chair of the La Crosse / Winona Section of ASQ (Long) Past member of the ASQ Hiawatha Section

2. Design of Experiments – Methods and Case Studies Tonight’s agenda –The basics of DoE –Principles of really efficient experiments –Really important practices in effective experiments –Basic principles of analysis and execution in a catapult experiment –Case studies – in a wide variety of applications –Optimization with more than one response variable –If Baseball was invented using DoE

3. Design of Experiments - Definition implementation of the scientific method. -design the collection of information about a phenomenon or process, analyze information, learn about relationships of important variables. - enables prediction of response variables. - economy and efficiency of data collection minimize usage of resources.

4. Advantages of DoE Process Optimization and Problem Solving with Least Resources for Most Information. Allows Decision Making with Defined Risks. Customer Requirements --> Process Specifications by Characterizing Relationships Determine effects of variables, interactions, and a math model DOE Is a Prevention Tool for Huge Leverage Early in Design

6. Steps to a Good Experiment 1. Define the objective of the experiment. 2. Choose the right people for the team. 3. Identify prior knowledge, then important factors and responses to be studied. 4. Determine the measurement system

7. Steps to a Good Experiment 5. Design the matrix and data collection responsibilities for the experiment. 6. Conduct the experiment. 7. Analyze experiment results and draw conclusions. 8. Verify the findings. 9. Report and implement the results

8. An experiment using a catapult We wish to characterize the control factors for a catapult We have determined three potential factors: 1.Ball type 2.Arm length 3.Release angle

10. One Factor-at-a-Time Method Hypothesis test - T-test to determine the effect of each factor separately. test each factor at 2 levels. Plan 4 trials each at high and low levels of 3 factors 8 trials for 3 factors = 24 trials. levels of other 2 factors? Combine factor settings in only 8 total trials.

11. Factors and settings Factors lowhigh Aball type slottedsolid BArm length 1012 CRelease angle 4575

12. Factor settings for 8 trials ABC 1234567 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 111 11 1 1 11 1 1 1 1111111

13. Randomization The most important principle in designing experiments is to randomize selection of experimental units and order of trials. This averages out the effect of unknown differences in the population, and the effect of environmental variables that change over time, outside of our control.

14. From Design Expert:

15. Randomized by Design Expert Factor 1Factor 2Factor 3 Std orderRun orderA:ball typeB:Arm lengthC:Release angle 8111275 4211245 531075 741275 351245 6611075 171045 2811045

16. Experiment trials & results ABC 1234567Result 1 11 76.5 1 11 78.5 1 1 1 87.75 111 89 11 1 81 1 11 77.5 1 1 1 79 1111111 77.5 ABABCACBC contrast -1.7519.751.25-16.8-8.25-23.82.75 effect -0.43754.9380.313-4.19-2.06-5.940.688

17. Graph of significant effects

18. Detecting interactions between factors Two factors show an interaction in their effect on a response variable when the effect of one factor on the response depends on the level of another factor.

19. Interaction graph from Design Expert

20. Predicted distance based on calculated effects Distance = 80.84 + 4.94 * X2_arm_length – 4.19* X3_Release_angle – 2.06* X1*X3 - 5.94*X2*X3 X2 = -1 at arm length of 10, = 1 at arm length of 12 X3 = -1 at release angle of 45, = 1 at release angle of 75

21. Poorly executed experiments If we are sloppy with control of factor levels or lazy with randomization, special causes invade the experiment and the error term can get unacceptably large. As a result, significant effects of factors don’t appear to be so significant.

22. The Best and the Worst Knot Random Team and the String Quartet Team. Each team designed a 16-trial, highly efficient experiment with two levels for each factor to characterize their catapult’s capability and control factors.

23. Knot Random team results Mean square error = 1268 Demonstration of capability for 6 shots with specifications 84 ± 4 inches, Cpk =.34

24. String quartet result Mean square error = 362 Demonstration of capability for 6 shots with specifications 72 ± 4 inches, Cpk=2.02

25. String Quartet Best Practices Randomized trials done in prescribed order Factor settings checked on all trials Agreed to a specific process for releasing the catapult arm Landing point of the ball made a mark that could be measured to ¼ inch Catapult controls that were not varied as factors were measured frequently

26. Knot Random – Knot best practices Trials done in convenient order to hurry through apparatus changes Factor settings left to wrong level from previous trial in at least one instance Each operator did his/her best to release the catapult arm in a repeatable fashion Inspector made a visual estimate of where ball had landed, measured to nearest ½ inch Catapult controls that were not varied as factors were ignored after initial process set-up

27. Multivariable testing (MVT) as DoE “Shelf Smarts,” Forbes, 5/12/03 DoE didn’t quite save Circuit City 15 factors culled from 3000 employee suggestions Tested in 16 trials, 16 stores Measured response = store revenue Implemented changes led to 3% sales rise

28. Census Bureau Experiment “Why do they send me a card telling me they’re going to send me a census form???” Dillman, D.A., Clark, J.R., Sinclair, M.D. (1995) “How pre-notice letters, stamped return envelopes and reminder postcards affect mail-back response rates for census questionnaires,” Survey Methodology, 21, 159-165

29. 1992 Census Implementation Test Factors: –Pre-notice letter – yes/ no –SASE with census form – yes / no –Reminder postcard a few days after census form – yes / no –Response = completed, mailed survey response rate

30. Experiment results – net savings in the millions letterenvelopepostcardResponse rate ---50% --+58% -+-52.6% -++59.5% +--56.4% +-+62.7% ++-59.8% +++64.3%

31. Surface Mount Technology (SMT) experiment - problem solving in a manufacturing environment 2 types of defects, probably related –Solder balls –Solder-on-gold Statistician invited in for a “quick fix” experiment High volume memory card product Courtesy of Lally Marwah, Toronto, Canada

32. Problem in screening / reflow operations Prep card Solder paste screening Component placement Solder paste reflow Clean card Inspect (T2) Inspect (T1) insert

33. 8 potential process factors Clean stencil frequency: 1/1, 1/10 Panel washed: no, yes Misregistration: 0, 10 ml Paste height: 9ml, 12 ml Time between screen/ reflow:.5, 4 hr Reflow card spacing: 18 in, 36 in Reflow pre-heat: cold, hot Oven: A, B

34. Experiment design conditions Resources only permit 16 trials Get efficiency from 2-level factors Measure both types of defects Introduce T1 inspection station for counting defects Same inspectors Same quantity of cards per trial

35. Can we measure effects of 8 factors in 16 trials? Yes

36. 7 more columns contain all interactions Each column contains confounded interactions

37. Normal plot for factor effects on solder ball defects C D CD

38. Which confounded interaction is significant? AF, BE, CD, or GH ? The main effects C and D are significant, so engineering judgement tells us CD is the true significant interaction. C is misregistration D is paste height

39. Conclusions from experiment Increased paste height (D+) acts together with misregistration to increase the area of paste outside of the pad, leading to solder balls of dislodged extra paste. Solder ball occurrence can be reduced by minimizing the surface area and mass of paste outside the pad.

40. Implemented solutions Reduce variability and increase accuracy in registration. Lowered solder ball rate by 77% More complete solution: Shrink paste stencil opening - pad accommodates variability in registration.

41. The Power of Efficient Experiments More information from less resources Thought process of experiment design brings out: –potential factors –relevant measurements –attention to variability –discipline to experiment trials

42. Optimization – Back to the Catapult Optimize two responses for catapult Hit a target distance Minimize variability Suppose the 8 trials in the catapult experiment were each run with 3 replicates, and we used means and standard deviations of the 3

43. 8 catapult runs with response = standard deviation (sdev) ABCsdev 1.6 1 2.5 1 1.5 112.6 11.4 112.4 111.4 1112.4

44. Slotted balls have less variability

45. Desirability - Combining Two Responses

47. Maximum Desirability Modeled response equation allows hitting the target distance of 84, d=1 Best possible standard deviation according to model is 1.475 d (for std dev) = (3-1.475)/(3-1) =.7625 D = SQRT(1*.7625) =.873

48. How about a little baseball? Questions? Thank you E-mail me at drand@winona.edu Find my slides at http://course1.winona.edu/drand/web/