1. Blood 16

2. About this Chapter Plasma and the cellular elements of blood
Blood cell production
Red blood cells
Platelets and coagulation

3. Composition of Blood
Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)

4. Composition of Blood
Figure 16-1 (2 of 2)

5. Plasma Proteins

6. Cellular Elements Three main cellular elements
Platelets split off from megakaryocyte
Five types of mature white blood cells
Monocytes develop into macrophages
Tissue basophils are mast cells
Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes
Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes
Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also called granulocytes

7. Hematopoiesis
Figure 16-2 (1 of 2)

8. Hematopoiesis
Figure 16-2 (2 of 2)

9. Blood Cells

10. Clinical Tests The blood count
Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma
Figure 16-3

11. Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 16-4a

12. Focus on … Bone Marrow
Figure 16-4b

13. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c Platelets Reticulocyte expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Mature
neutrophil
Red blood cell maturation
Neutrophil maturation
Figure 16-4c

14. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (1 of 11) Platelets Stem cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Figure 16-4c (1 of 11)

15. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (2 of 11) Platelets Stem cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Figure 16-4c (2 of 11)

16. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (3 of 11) Platelets Stem cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Figure 16-4c (3 of 11)

17. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (4 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Figure 16-4c (4 of 11)

18. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (5 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Figure 16-4c (5 of 11)

19. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (6 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Figure 16-4c (6 of 11)

20. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (7 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Neutrophil maturation
Figure 16-4c (7 of 11)

21. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (8 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Neutrophil maturation
Figure 16-4c (8 of 11)

22. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (9 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Neutrophil maturation
Figure 16-4c (9 of 11)

23. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (10 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Red blood cell maturation
Neutrophil maturation
Figure 16-4c (10 of 11)

24. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4c (11 of 11) Platelets Reticulocyte
expelling
nucleus
Stem
cell
Lymphocyte
Venous
sinus
Monocyte
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Reticular
fiber
(c)
Mature blood
cells squeeze
through the
endothelium to
reach the
circulation.
Fragments of
megakaryocyte
break off to
become platelets.
The stroma is
composed of
fibroblast-like
reticular cells,
collagenous fibers,
and extracellular
matrix.
Macrophage
Mature
neutrophil
Red blood cell maturation
Neutrophil maturation
Figure 16-4c (11 of 11)

25. Red Blood Cells
Figure 16-5

26. Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells
Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the presence of disease.
Figure 16-6

27. Iron Metabolism
Figure 16-7

28. Red Blood Cells Live for about 120 days
Hemoglobin components are recycled
Remnants of heme groups
Bilirubin and excreted in bile
Jaundice
Elevated levels of bilirubin

29. Red Blood Cells

30. Sickled Red Blood Cells
Figure 16-8

31. Platelets and Megakaryocytes
Figure 16-9a

32. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Intact blood
vessel wall
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Fibrin slowly
dissolved by
plasmin
Clot dissolves
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Cell growth and
tissue repair
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure 16-10

33. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Figure (1 of 17)

34. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Collagen
exposed
Figure (2 of 17)

35. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Figure (3 of 17)

36. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (4 of 17)

37. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (5 of 17)

38. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (6 of 17)

39. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (7 of 17)

40. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (8 of 17)

41. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (9 of 17)

42. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (10 of 17)

43. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Figure (11 of 17)

44. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure (12 of 17)

45. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure (13 of 17)

46. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Cell growth and
tissue repair
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure (14 of 17)

47. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Fibrin slowly
dissolved by
plasmin
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Cell growth and
tissue repair
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure (15 of 17)

48. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Fibrin slowly
dissolved by
plasmin
Clot dissolves
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Cell growth and
tissue repair
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure (16 of 17)

49. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to
wall of
blood vessel
Tissue factor
exposed
Intact blood
vessel wall
Reinforced
platelet plug (clot)
Fibrin slowly
dissolved by
plasmin
Clot dissolves
Collagen
Platelets aggregate
into loose platelet
plug
Temporary
hemostasis
Cell growth and
tissue repair
Vasoconstriction
Platelets
adhere and
release
platelet
factors
Thrombin
formation
Coagulation
cascade
Converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Figure (17 of 17)

50. Platelet Plug Formation
Figure 16-11

51. Clotting Process

52. The Coagulation Cascade
Figure 16-12

53. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Figure 16-13

54. Coagulation

55. Coagulation

56. Summary Plasma and cellular elements Blood cell production
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and megakaryocytes
Plasma proteins and their functions
Five types of white blood cells
Blood cell production
Hematopoiesis and cytokines

57. Summary Red blood cell Platelets and coagulation
Transferrin, ferritin, bilirubin, bile, and jaundice
Platelets and coagulation
Hemostasis, platelet plug, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and fibrin
Coagulation cascade, fibrinogen, thrombin, plasmin, prostacyclin, and anticoagulants