1. Chapter 16
Blood

2. Plasma and the cellular elements of blood Blood cell production
About this Chapter
Plasma and the cellular elements of blood
Blood cell production
Red blood cells
Platelets and coagulation

3. Trace elements and vitamins
Composition of Blood
Amino acids
Albumins
Water
Proteins
Globulins
Ions
Glucose
Fibrinogen
is composed of
Organic molecules
BLOOD
Plasma
such as
Lipids
Trace elements and vitamins
Nitrogenous waste
CO2
Gases
such as O2
Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)

4. Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (2 of 2) Lymphocytes Red blood cells
Monocytes
is composed of
Cellular elements
White blood cells
BLOOD
include
Neutrophils
Platelets m
Eosinophils 5 10 15
Basophils
Figure 16-1 (2 of 2)

5. Plasma Proteins
Table 16-1

6. Three main cellular elements
Red blood cells – also called erythrocytes
Platelets – split off from megakaryocytes
White blood cells – also called leukocytes
Lymphocytes – are also called immunocytes
Monocytes – develop into macrophages
Neutrophils – neutrophils along with monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes
Eosinophils – eosinophils along with neutrophils and basophils are also called granulocytes
Basophils – tissue basophils are called mast cells

7. Uncommitted stem cells Committed progenitor cells
Hematopoiesis
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Uncommitted stem cells
Committed progenitor cells
Lymphocyte stem cells
BONE MARROW
Erythroblast
Megakaryocyte
Figure 16-2 (1 of 2)

8. Hematopoiesis Figure 16-2 (2 of 2) BONE MARROW Erythroblast
Megakaryocyte
Reticulocyte
CIRCULATION
Erythrocyte
Platelets
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Figure 16-2 (2 of 2)

9. Blood Cells
Table 16-2

10. 42% packed red cell volume
Clinical Tests
Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma
MALES
FEMALES
Hematocrit
40%–54%
37%–47%
Hemoglobin (g Hb/dL* blood)
14–17
12–16
Red cell count (cells/µL)
4.5–6.5 x 106
3.9–5.6 x 106
58% plasma volume
Total white cell count (cells/µL) 
4–11 x 103
4–11 x 103
Differential white cell count
Neutrophils
50%–70%
50%–70%
Eosinophils
1%–4%
1%–4%
Basophils
<1%
<1%
100%
Lymphocytes
20%–40%
20%–40%
Monocytes
2%–8%
2%–8%
<1% white cells
Platelets (per µL)
150–450 x 103
150–450 x 103
*1 deciliter (dL) = 100 mL
42% packed red cell volume
Figure 16-3

11. Focus on … Bone Marrow
Bone marrow
(a)
Figure 16-4a

12. Focus on … Bone Marrow Central sinus Bone cortex Stroma of marrow
Venous sinuses
Radial artery
Nutrient artery
(b)
Figure 16-4b

13. Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets.
Focus on … Bone Marrow
Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation.
Stem cell
Platelets
Reticulocyte expelling nucleus
Mature neutrophil
Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets.
Reticular fiber
Venous sinus
Reticular cell
Stem cell
Macrophage
Monocyte
The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix.
Lymphocyte
(c)
Figure 16-4c

14. Red Blood Cells Figure 16-5 Cytoskeleton filament Attachment protein
Actin
(a) SEM shows biconcave disk shape of RBCs.
(b) Cross section of RBC
(c) The cytoskeleton creates the unique shape of RBCs.
Figure 16-5

15. Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells
The disk-like structure of red blood cells allows them to modify their shape in response to osmotic changes
Figure 16-6

16. Iron Homeostasis and Metabolism
Iron (Fe) in diet 1
Iron comes from the diet. 1
Intestine
Plasma
Bone Marrow 5 2
Fe absorbed by active transport. 3
RBC synthesis Fe 2
Fe･transferrin Fe
Heme Hb 3
Transferrin protein transports Fe in plasma.
RBC Hb
Spleen 4
Liver stores excess Fe as ferritin.
Old RBCs destroyed 5
Bone marrow uses Fe to make hemoglobin (Hb). Hb 6
Bilirubin 6
Spleen converts Hb to bilirubin.
Liver 4
Kidney 7
Ferritin
Liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile.
Bilirubin metabolism
Bilirubin + metabolites 8
Bile 7 8 8
Bilirubin metabolites are excreted in urine and feces.
Bilirubin metabolites in feces
Bilirubin metabolites in urine
Figure 16-7

17. Hemoglobin components are recycled
Red Blood Cells
Live for about 120 days
Hemoglobin components are recycled
Amino acids are incorporated into new proteins
Some iron from heme groups reused in new heme groups
Remnants of heme groups are converted to bilirubin, then excreted as bile
Jaundice results from elevated levels of bilirubin

18. Red Blood Cells
Table 16-3

19. Sickled Red Blood Cells
Morphology can provide clues to the presence of disease
Figure 16-8

20. Platelets Form from Megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes are giant cells with multiple copies of DNA in the nucleus.
The edges of the megakaryocyte break off to form cell fragments called platelets
Platelets
Red blood cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
(a)
Figure 16-9a

21. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair
Damage to wall of blood vessel
Collagen exposed
Tissue factor exposed 1
Platelets adhere and release platelet factors
Vasoconstriction
Coagulation cascade 2
Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug
Thrombin formation
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin 3
Temporary hemostasis
Clot: reinforced platelet plug
Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin
Cell growth and tissue repair
Clot dissolves
Intact blood vessel wall
Figure 16-10

22. Platelet Plug Formation1
Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets.
Lumen of blood vessel 3 2
Release of platelet factors
Prevents platelet adhesion
Intact endothelium 4 3
Factors attract more platelets. 2
Releases prostacyclin and NO 4
Platelets aggregate into platelet plug. 1
Smooth muscle cells
Collagen subendothelial layer
Exposed collagen in damaged blood vessel wall
ECF
Figure 16-11

23. Clotting Process
Table 16-4

24. The Coagulation Cascade
INTRINSIC PATHWAY
EXTRINSIC PATHWAY
Collagen or other activators
Damage exposes tissue factor (III)
XII
Active XII
VII XI
Ca2+
Active XI
Tissue factor (III) and active VII IX
Ca2+
positive feedback
Active IX
VIII
Ca2+ X
phospholipids (PL)
Active X
COMMON PATHWAY
Prothrombin
Ca2+, V, PL ,
positive feedback
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
XIII
Fibrin
Active XIII
Ca2+
Cross-linked fibrin
Figure 16-12

25. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Clot
Fibrinolysis
Thrombin
Plasminogen
tPA
Fibrinogen
Fibrin polymer
Plasmin
Fibrin fragments
Figure 16-13

26. Coagulation
Table 16-5

27. Coagulation
Table 16-6

28. Coagulation
Figure 16-14

29. Plasma and cellular elements
Summary
Plasma and cellular elements
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and megakaryocytes
Plasma proteins and their functions
Five types of white blood cells
Blood cell production
Hematopoiesis and cytokines

30. Platelets and coagulation
Summary
Red blood cell
Transferrin, ferritin, bilirubin, bile, and jaundice
Platelets and coagulation
Hemostasis, platelet plug, platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, and fibrin
Coagulation cascade, fibrinogen, thrombin, plasmin, prostacyclin, and anticoagulants