1. What is a projection?
A map projection is used to portray all or part of the spherical Earth on a flat surface. This cannot be done without some distortion
Every projection has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. There is no "best" projection
In GIS we must select the one best suited to our needs, reducing distortion of the most important features 3

2. MERCATOR (Cylindrical)
Chart Projections
Three main types
LAMBERT (Conic)
GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)
MERCATOR (Cylindrical) 6

3. LAMBERT (Conic) projections
result from projecting a spherical surface onto a cone. 6

4. LAMBERT (Conic) Projections
Lambert Conformal Conic projection
Area, and shape are distorted away from standard parallels. Directions are true in limited areas. Used for maps of North America. Lambert Conformal Conic projections are used for rectangular zones with a larger east-west extent.
Ex: North Carolina, Tennessee

5. GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)
Azimuthal—Geometrically projected on a plane. Point of projection is the center of a globe. 27

6. GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)

7. GNOMONIC (Azimuthal)
Used by some navigators to find the shortest path between two points. Used in seismic work because seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.
Any straight line drawn on the map is on a great circle, but directions are true only from center point of projection. Map is perspective (from the center of the Earth onto a tangent plane) but not conformal, equal area, or equidistant.
Considered to be the oldest projection. Ascribed to Thales, the father of abstract geometry, who lived in the 6th century B.C. 28

8. Mercator Used for navigation or maps of equatorial regions.
Any straight line on the map is a rhumb line (line of constant direction).
Directions along a rhumb line are true between any two points on map
Gerardus Mercator ( ) 11

9. MERCATOR (Cylindrical) projections
result from projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder.

10. MERCATOR (Cylindrical) projections.

11. Features of Mercator
Distances are true only along Equator, but are reasonably correct within 15° of Equator.
Areas and shapes of large areas are distorted.
Distortion increases away from Equator and is extreme in polar regions. The map is not perspective, equal area, or equidistant.
Equator and other parallels are straight lines and meet meridians at right angles 12

12. WHAT IS A NAUTICAL CHART?
A Nautical Chart is a graphic portrayal of the marine environment.
In addition to its basic elements, a chart is a working document used by
the mariner both as a "road map" and worksheet and is essential
for safe navigation.

13. Chart Scale
The size of the area represented in a chart varies in according to the scale of the chart
Charts with a small scale will cover a large area
Charts with a large scale will cover a small area 1/ 1/
1/40.000
1/1 1/ 1/

14. 112 3212 291 TURKISH NAUTICAL CHART
GENEL HARİTALAR : 1/ – 1/
PARÇA HARİTALAR : 1/ – 1/50.000
PORTOLONLAR : 1/ den büyük
two digits
three digits
four digits
112
3212
291

15. TURKISH NAUTICAL CHART
Turkish Nautical charts are divided 3 region 1 29 2 3

16. Haritanın Ulusal Numarası 2 Haritanın Seyir Yardımcılarına Uygun. 3 1 3 19 20 9 12 16 10 No
Açıklaması 1
Haritanın Ulusal Numarası 2
Haritanın Seyir Yardımcılarına Uygun. 3
Haritanın Uluslararası Numarası 9
Köşe Koordinatları 10
Harita Başlığı veya Adı 11
Haritanın Projeksiyon Tipi 12
Haritayı Hazırlayan Kuruluşun Amblemi 13
Haritanın Öşçeği 15
Büyük Ölçekli Haritalarda Diğer Ölçekler 16
Uyarı Notları 19
Bitişik veya Devam Eden Harita No’su 20
Diğer Notik Bilgiler 13 11 16 15

17. Haritanın Ulusal Numarası 2 Haritanın Seyir Yardımcılarına Uygun. 3 No
Açıklaması 1
Haritanın Ulusal Numarası 2
Haritanın Seyir Yardımcılarına Uygun. 3
Haritanın Uluslararası Numarası 4
Haritayı Hazırlayan Kuruluş 5
Telif Hakkı 6
Yeni Yayın Tarihi 6a
Baskı Tarihi No
Açıklaması 7
Küçük Düzeltmeler 8
Haritanın İç kenarlarının Boyutları 9
Köşe Koordinatları 14
Büyük Ölçekli Haritalarda Diğer Ölç. 17
Kaynak ve Veri Diyagramı 18
Büyük Ölçekli Referanslar 19
Bitişik veya Devam Eden Harita No’su 14 17 18 9 8 3 19 7 1 6 6a 5 2 4