1. Models of Earth

3. Globes are 3-Dimensional Models of the Earth

4. Types of Maps 1. Political
Shows political (national and state) boundaries
(like a globe)

6. Types of Maps 1. Political 2. Road
Shows interstate system, highways, and smaller roads, depending on the map
Used for navigation (getting from “here” to “there”

8. Types of Maps 1. Political 2. Road 3. Weather
Shows pressure systems, cloud cover, rainfall, weather forecasts

12. Types of Maps 1. Political 2. Road 3. Weather 4. Bathymetric
The ocean floor, ocean features
Topography of the ocean

16. Types of Maps 1. Political 2. Road 3. Weather 4. Bathymetric
5. Topographic
Shows the differences in elevation (relief) of an area
Shows man-made features of the land as well as its natural features

18. A. Paper Maps are Flat 2-Dimensional Representations of Earth’s Surface
Problems:
Not as accurate as a 3-D Globe model
Earth’s features become distorted (they don’t look right)

19. B. Map Making
Surveyors
Use distance and elevation information from known points to create maps
Known points of elevation are called:
bench marks, metal stakes placed in stone and marked with the location and elevation
Aerial (from the sky)
photography
also helps make maps

20. Benchmarks
Mauna Kea, Hawaii

22. Modern surveyors use:
Compass
Infrared theodolite
& GPS

23. C. Map Projections
Cartographers (map makers) illustrate world maps as a projection to reduce distortion
Map projection – transferring a curved surface (the Earth, sphere) to a flat one (the map).
Common map projections: Mercator, Gnomonic (polar), and (Poly)conic

24. I. Mercator Projection Map
The mercator map projection shows the view of Earth as if a large cylinder of paper had been wrapped around the globe. This is the most common type of projection

25. Mercator Projection Map
-Disadvantage  Major distortion effects near the poles (land looks larger than what it really is)
+Advantage  Indicates true directions as straight lines of latitude and longitude, makes a rectangular grid pattern

26. II. Gnomonic or polar Projection Map
A gnomonic or polar projected map is created as if a piece of paper had been placed on a point on the Earth.

27. III. (Poly)Conic Projection Map
The (poly)conic map projection shows the view of Earth as if a large paper cone had been wrapped around the globe.
This type of map is useful for mapping areas in the middle latitudes.

28. Identify the type of map projection.
Write the name of the type of projection in your notes

29. Review: What type of halves is the Earth divided into?
North-South Hemispheres are separated by the imaginary line called the Equator
East-West Hemispheres are separated by imaginary lines called the Prime Meridian (Greenwich Meridian) and the International Date Line

30. Latitude and Longitude Grid of imaginary lines placed over Earth
Every location on the Earth has a specific latitude and longitude “address.”

31. Latitude
Latitude lines circle the Earth horizontally, parallel to the Equator (0 Degrees)
Latitude is measured in Degrees North or South of the equator (0-90 Degrees)
HHS is at 37° North Latitude

32. Longitude
Longitude lines are half-circles that extend vertically between the poles
Longitude is measured in Degrees East or West of the Prime Meridian (0-180 Degrees)
HHS is at 78° West Longitude

33. D. How do you know the size of landforms or the distance between cities on a map?
The map scale indicates how the map’s features and distances compare with the actual Earth
The comparison is given as a ratio:
1:24,000

34. Map Scale as a Ratio
1 : 24,000 means that 1 map unit equals = 24,000 units on Earth

35. E. How do you determine direction on a map?
Usually, most modern maps place North at the top
Compass Rose indicates direction
Geographic North vs Magnetic North
Are they the same?
No, because…
the Earth is tilted on its axis

36. Earth Observing System
The satellites in the Earth Observing Systems (EOS) will contain sensors to monitor global climate change.

37. Landsat Satellite Images

38. Global Positioning System
GPS is a system of satellites and receivers that allow accurate positioning on the Earth.
24 satellites work together
GPS Ground Receiver
GPS Satellite

39. Mapmaking & Technology
Computer image modeled from global topography provided by NOAA