1. Comprehensive Science 1
Midterm Study Guide

2. Unit 1
Nature of Science

3. Lesson 1:What is science?
Science is the systematic study of natural events and conditions. Empirical evidence includes observations, measurements, and other types of data scientist gather. *Does not include personal feeling and opinions.

4. Lesson 2: Scientific Knowledge
Science attempts to explain the word around us.
Theories- well supported explanation about the natural world.
Model- is a presentation of something in the natural word. There are Physical models and Mathematical models.
Things that are too small, too large, or some way too difficult to study
Law- describes a basic principle of nature that always occur under certain conditions.
*You need to be able to separate reliable sources from the unreliable(government, university, or nationally recognized research institutions).

5. Lesson 3: Scientific Investigations

6. Lesson 4: Representing data
Scientist use organize data
Tables
Graphs
The type of graph depends upon the data
Bar graph
Line graph
Circle graph
*Vertical axis= dependent variable
*Horizontal axis= independent variable

7. Lesson 5: Science and Society
Science has had a great impact in all of all.
Manu occupations and professions use science.
Our daily activities have been affected by advances in science.

8. Unit 3
Energy in the Earth System

9. Lesson1: Earth’s Spheres
Earth system is all of the matter, energy, and process whiting Earth’s boundary.
Geosphere
Atmosphere
Cryosphere
Biosphere
Hydrosphere

10. Lesson1: Earth’s Spheres
Geosphere-mostly solid, rocky part of the earth.

11. Lesson1: Earth’s Spheres
Cryosphere

12. Lesson1: Earth’s Spheres
Atmosphere-mixture of mostly invisible gases that surrounds Earth.

13. Lesson1: Earth’s Spheres
Biosphere-made up of living things and areas of Earth where they are found.

14. Lesson 2: The Atmosphere
Green House Effect is the
process by which Thermal
Radiation is absorb by the
gases in the atmosphere,
and is reradiated in all
directions.
*absorb most of the solar radiation

15. Lesson 3: Energy Transfer
Temperature-measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.
Thermal Energy-total kinetic energy of the particles.
Thermal Expansion-increase of volume that result from increase of temperature.
Heat-energy transferred between object with different temperature.

16. Lesson 3: Energy Transfer

17. Lesson 4:Wind in the Atmosphere
Wind- movement of air.
High pressure=cold
Low pressure=hot
Coriolis Effect-the apparent curving of the path of a moving object due to earth’s rotation
Jet stream- narrow belts of high-speed winds that blow from west to east, between 7km and 16 km above Earth’s surface.

18. Lesson 4:Wind in the Atmosphere

19. Lesson 4:Wind in the Atmosphere
Sea and land breezes

20. Lesson 5: Oceans Currents
Ocean currents-stream like movement of ocean water.
Surface currents-ocean currents that occur near the surface.
What affects surface currents?
Continental deflections
Coriolis effect
Global winds
Deep currents-movements of ocean water far below the surface.
Convection current- movement of water that result from density differences.
Oceans currents transport energy and matter (upwelling)

21. Lesson 5: Oceans Currents
Surface Currents

22. Unit 4
Weather and Climate

23. Lesson 1:The Water Cycle

24. Lesson 1:The Water Cycle
Evaporation: Heat from the Sun causes water on Earth (in oceans, lakes etc) to evaporate (turn from liquid into gas) and rise into the sky. This water vapor collects in the sky in the form of clouds.
Condensation: water vapor in the clouds cools down it becomes water again.
Precipitation: Water falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
Collection: Oceans and lakes collect water that has fallen.
Transpiration: In a process similar to sweating, plants lose water which is absorbed into the atmosphere much like evaporation.
Sublimation: It is possible for a solid to transform into a gas directly (without becoming a liquid). Under certain conditions snow and ice can also sublime.

25. Lesson 2:Elements of Weather
What is weather? It is the state of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth at a certain area.

26. Lesson 2:Elements of Weather
Weather elements:
Wind
Temperature
Precipitation
Humidity-amount of water vapor
Relative humidity- amount of water vapor in the air compare to the amount of water vapor need to reach saturation
Dew point- is the temperature at which more condensation than evaporation occur.
Air pressure-force of air molecule pushing in one area
Visibility-transparency of the atmosphere

27. Lesson 3:What influences the Weather
Factors that Influence Weather
There are many factor that influence weather, many of which we cannot see.
The Water Cycle As the sun warms the surface of the Earth, water rises in the form of water vapor from lakes, rivers, oceans, plants, the ground, and other sources. This process is called evaporation. Water vapor provides the moisture that forms clouds; it eventually returns to Earth in the form of precipitation, and the cycle continues.

28. Lesson 3:What influences the Weather
Air Masses When air hovers for a while over a surface area with uniform humidity and temperature, it takes on the characteristics of the area below. For example, an air mass over the tropical Atlantic Ocean would become warm and humid; an air mass over the winter snow and ice of northern Canada would become cold and dry.
What happens when 2 air masses meet?
The cold air pushes the hot air upwards, when going up the temperature drops and the air can't hold as much water when it is warm, so the cold water molecules condense and form clouds.

29. Lesson 3:What influences the Weather
Jet Stream This meandering current of high-speed wind, a jet stream is usually found around five to ten miles above Earth’s surface.
It generally flows west to east, often in a non-continuous wavy fashion.

30. Lesson 3:What influences the Weather
Weather Fronts The transition zone between two air masses of different humidity and temperature is called a front. *Along a cold front, cold air displaces warm air.
Towering clouds and intense storms may form.
*Along a warm front, warm air displaces cold air.
Widespread clouds and rainmay accompany warm fronts.
*When neither air mass displaces the other, a stationary front develops.

31. Lesson 4: Severe Weather and Weather Safety
Thunderstorm-intense local storm that form strong winds, heavy rain, lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail.
Lightning-electric discharge in the clouds.
Hurricane-tropical low pressure system with winds of 74 mi/h or more.
Store surge-a huge mass of ocean water, in and flooding the shore.
Tornado- destructive, rotating column of air that has very high speed in a funnel-shape cloud.
Droughts-a region with an extended period with a deficiency in water supply.

32. Lesson 4: Severe Weather and Weather Safety
Others…
Heavy rain
Hail
High winds
Floods
Sinkholes
Wildfires
*plan ahead and be prepared

33. Lesson 5: Natural Disasters in Florida
Heavy rain
Hail
Lightning
High winds
Thunderstorms
Tornados
Floods
Hurricanes
Sinkholes
Wildfires

34. What determinates climate?
Lesson 6:Climate
Climate- weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.
What determinates climate?
Temperature
Precipitation
Elevation
Latitude