1. Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS6) Child Labour
26th August 2014
Zonal Dissemination

2. Outline Objectives of Child Labour, GLSS6
Concepts and definitions of Child Labour
Demographic characteristics of the children
Educational characteristics of the children
Economic activity of the child
Child labour and hazardous activity

3. Objectives of child Labour, GLSS6
Estimate the number of child workers
Distribution of child workers by
Sex
Age-group
Educational status
Geographical and ecological zones and
Rural and urban spread

4. Objectives continues
Provide up-to-date information on Child Labour in Ghana
Provide the data needed for monitoring progress towards the elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL) in Ghana
Estimate the prevalence of child labour

5. Concepts and definitions
Child Labour:
“work that deprives the child of his/her health, education or development or posses a danger to the health, safety or morals of children under 18 years”

6. Concepts and definitions contin…
Worst Forms of Child Labour
ILO Convention 182 classifies the worst forms of Child Labour as follows:
all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as
the sale and trafficking of children,
debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour,
forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict
the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances;
the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties; and
work, which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children

7. Concepts and definitions (cont’d)
Light work or permissible work
National laws and regulations may permit light work for children under the following conditions:
Work not likely to be harmful to their health or development;
Not such work as to prejudice
their attendance at school,
their participation in vocational orientation or
training programmes approved by the competent authority or
their capacity to benefit from the instruction received.

8. Concepts and definitions (cont’d)
Economic Activity
Economic activity is any work or activity performed in the last 7 days prior to the day of interview for pay (in cash or in kind), for profit or for family gain

9. MEASUREMENT FRAME WORK

10. Denotes activities not considered child labour
Age group
General production boundary
SNA production
Non-SNA production
(1a)
Light work3
(1b)
Regular work4
Worst forms of child labour
(3a)
Hazardous unpaid household services1
(3b)
Other
non-SNA production
(2a)
Hazardous work
(2b)
Worst forms of child labour other than hazardous work
Children below the minimum age specified for light work
(for example, 5–11 years)
Employment below the minimum age for light work
Employment below the general minimum working age
Employment in industries and occupations designated as hazardous, or work for long hours and/or at night in industries and occupations not designated as hazardous
Children trafficked for work; forced and bonded child labour; commercial sexual exploitation of children; use of children for illicit activities and armed conflict
Unpaid household services for long hours; involving unsafe equipment or heavy loads; in dangerous locations; etc.
Children within the age range specified for light work
(for example, 12–14 years)
Children at or above the general minimum working age
(for example, 15–17 years)
1 (3a) is applicable where the general production boundary is used as the measurement framework for child labour.
Denotes activities not considered child labour
Denotes child labour as defined by 18th ICLS resolution

11. Child Labour Measurement Framework
(prohibited work)
Worst forms of CL = ‘Hazardous work’ + ‘WFCL Other than hazardous’ (i.e., CSEC, forced labour, illicit activities, armed conflict, etc.)
Employment below the minimum age
Hazardous unpaid household services (household chores)
Defining Child Labour (CL) ……. 7
■ Child labour (contd.): For the purpose of statistical measurement, children engaged in child labour include all persons aged 5 to 17 years who, during a specified time period, were engaged in one or more of following categories of activities:
(a) worst forms of child labour;
(b) employment below the minimum age, and
(c) hazardous unpaid household services [where general production boundary is the measurement].
[Note: Please refer to schematic diagram.]
When child labour is measured on the basis of the general production boundary, a child may be considered to be in child labour when the total number of hours worked in employment and unpaid household services exceeds the thresholds that may be set for national statistical purposes. In order to facilitate comparison of child labour data across countries, when the general production boundary is applied for child labour measurement purposes, the estimates of child labour in terms of the SNA production boundary should also be provided.
■ Based on national circumstances, countries may also wish to collect data on activities by children which are outside the general production boundary, such as begging and stealing, and which may be considered in the context of WFCL.
■ Activities covered under first 3 bullets in slide 12 are referred to as “WFCL other than hazardous work”, and often also termed “unconditional WFCL” [Note: Standardized statistical concepts & definitions for these CL forms are not fully developed. Statistical measurement methods are at an experimental stage.]
SNA production boundary
Begging + Stealing
General production boundary
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour 11 11

12. Child Labour Measurement Framework
(prohibited work)
Worst forms of CL = ‘Hazardous work’ + ‘WFCL Other than hazardous’ (i.e., CSEC, forced labour, illicit activities, armed conflict, etc.)
Employment below the minimum age
Defining Child Labour (CL) ……. 7
■ Child labour (contd.): For the purpose of statistical measurement, children engaged in child labour include all persons aged 5 to 17 years who, during a specified time period, were engaged in one or more of following categories of activities:
(a) worst forms of child labour;
(b) employment below the minimum age, and
(c) hazardous unpaid household services [where general production boundary is the measurement].
[Note: Please refer to schematic diagram.]
When child labour is measured on the basis of the general production boundary, a child may be considered to be in child labour when the total number of hours worked in employment and unpaid household services exceeds the thresholds that may be set for national statistical purposes. In order to facilitate comparison of child labour data across countries, when the general production boundary is applied for child labour measurement purposes, the estimates of child labour in terms of the SNA production boundary should also be provided.
■ Based on national circumstances, countries may also wish to collect data on activities by children which are outside the general production boundary, such as begging and stealing, and which may be considered in the context of WFCL.
■ Activities covered under first 3 bullets in slide 12 are referred to as “WFCL other than hazardous work”, and often also termed “unconditional WFCL” [Note: Standardized statistical concepts & definitions for these CL forms are not fully developed. Statistical measurement methods are at an experimental stage.]
SNA production boundary
Begging + Stealing
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour 12 12

13. ILO Definition of Child Labour
Child labour as a subset of “children in employment” or “working children”
ILO definition of child labour is based on ILO Conventions on children at work, and on ILO definition of ‘work’
Thus, “working children” refer to those engaged in economic activities within the SNA production boundary, of which only a subset is child labour
Child labour is defined by its consequences:
work that is mentally, physically, socially, or morally dangerous and harmful to children
- work that interferes with their schooling

14. Conceptual framework of child labour
ILO definition of Child Labour
Conceptual framework of child labour
Hazardous work
Child labour
Children in
economic activity

15. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Key Concepts of Child Labour used in the ILO Child Labour Measurement Framework
The terms « working children », « children in economic activity » and « children in employment » are used interchangeably by ILO. All denote a broader concept than child labour
Following the SNA production boundary, Hazardous work by children is a subcategory of child labour, which in turn is a subcategory of children in employment (children in economic activity or working children).
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour 15 15

16. Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL)
(a) Hazardous Work
(b) Worst Forms of Child Labour other than Hazardous Work
(CSEC, Forced labour, illicit activities, armed conflict, etc)
■ Light work (permissible):
Permissible work by children below minimum age for employment that is: (a) not likely to be harmful to child’s health or development; and (b) not such as to prejudice child’s school attendance, participation in vocational orientation or training programmes, or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received.
Note: Hazardous work by children should be defined at national level by Government, Workers and Employers.
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour 16 16

17. ILO Child Labour Measurement Framework
Children in employment
(5-17 years old)
Para 12
In designated
hazardous industries
Para. 27
In other
industries
In designated
hazardous occupations
Para
In other
occupations
Long hours of work
Para
Not long hours of work
18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, Resolution concerning statistics of child labour (ILO, Geneva, 2008)
In other hazardous
work conditions
Para. 24
Non-hazardous
work conditions
Hazardous work
by children
Para
5-11 yrs
Para. 32
12-14 yrs
15-17 yrs
14+ hrs
Para
Light work
(<14 hrs)
Not child labour
Child labour
Para

18. Child Labour Status (CLS)
Children
5 -17 yrs
In employment
Not in
employment
Child labour
Not
child labour
Hazardous
work
Other
Permissible
light work
non child labour
Missing
values
CLS = 5
CLS = 9
CLS = 1
CLS = 2
CLS = 3
CLS = 4

19. Demographic characteristics

20. One-third of the population (33.0%) is in the age group 5 - 17

21. Children aged 5-17 are fairly distributed among the sub-populations of interest

22. More than 3/4 of the children(77
More than 3/4 of the children(77.2%) live in households where their parents are heads

23. More than 1/10 of children in Volta and Upper West live with other relatives

24. EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

25. About 6% of the children had never attended school

26. Reasons for not attending school
Reasons cited for children not attending school are:
- there are no schools or the school is too far (19.2%),
- the child is too young to be in school (16.0%),
- household cannot afford the cost of
education (14.8%)

27. More than a quarter of the children in the Northern region (25
More than a quarter of the children in the Northern region (25.7%) had never attended school

28. There are variations in the highest level of educational attainment between rural and urban

29. Economic activity

30. Economic Activity
Participation of children 5-17 years in economic activity
28.5 percent of children participated in economic activity within the reference period while majority of them (71.5%) did not
29.2 percent of males are in economic activity
27.9 percent of females are in economic activity
By locality:
16.8 percent of children in urban areas and 39.0 percent in rural areas are in economic activity
For rural savannah 44.3 percent compared to 22.1 percent in rural coastal are in economic activity
By age categorization
the older the child the more likely he/she is to participate in an economic activity.
(10.0 percent for 5-7 years compared to 43.7 percent for those years)

31. Major occupation of children are: Agric. (76.8%) and Services (14.9%)
There are regional variation with more than 90% of children in the Upper East or Upper West engaged in Agriculture and Fisheries.

32. Major Industry of children are: Agric. (77.2%) and sales (12.4%)
There are rural urban differentials . More children in rural are into Agric compared to urban. On the other hand, more children in urban are working in the sales industry than those in rural

33. Proportion of females (81
Proportion of females (81.8%) working in informal sector higher than males (72.5%)

34. No child in the Volta and Eastern region worked in the formal sector

35. About 1/3 of child workers in Greater Accra work day and night

36. About 1/3 of children who worked (33
About 1/3 of children who worked (33.3%) suffered serious injuries at work

37. Less than 10% of children who worked in Central (5. 9%) and Eastern (8
Less than 10% of children who worked in Central (5.9%) and Eastern (8.6%)suffered serious injuries

38. About 4% of children were beaten or physically hurt while at work

39. CHILD LABOUR AND PARTICIPATION IN HAZARDOUS WORK

40. Population distribution of children 5-17 year by economic activity, child labour and participation in hazardous work

41. Child Labour
21.8 percent of persons 5-17 years engaged in child labour.
Proportion of male children in child labour is slightly higher (22.7%) than females (20.8%).
Urban children in child labour constitute 12.4 percent while that of the rural is 30.2 percent. The rural savannah (34.6%) has the highest proportion of children in child labour.
Proportion of children engaged in child labour varies from one region to another with 5.2% in Greater Accra and 33.5% in Upper West

42. Hazardous Activity
14.2 percent of children are engaged in hazardous forms of child labour
Proportion of males engaged in hazardous forms of child labour (15.4%) is slightly higher than females (12.9%).
A remarkable difference is observed between urban (7.7 percent) and rural areas (20.0 percent) with rural savannah recording 20.9 percent.
Proportion of children engaged in hazardous form of child labour varies from region to region with 1.9 percent in Greater Accra and percent in Brong Ahafo

43. Percentage distribution of children (5 - 17years) currently attending school and engaged in child labour in last 7 days by sex, locality, age and region by

44. Percentage distribution of children (5 - 17years) and their participation in household chores by sex, locality, age and region

45. Child Labour/Hazardous Work and Economic Activity
76.4 percent who participated in economic activity were involved in child labour out of which 49.7 percent participated in hazardous work
Both urban and rural localities recorded figures above 70 percent
All children in the younger age groups (5-7 and 8-11 years) engaged in child labour with more than 40 percent of all children in hazardous forms of child labour

46. Children working in Volta region are more likely to be engaged in hazardous work (69.0%)

47. Percentage distribution of children (5 - 17years) engaged in child labour who suffered an injury or health effects as a result by sex, locality, age and region

48. Child Labour/Hazardous Work and Non-Economic Activity
25.3 percent of children engaged in household chores are in child labour while 16.6 percent are in hazardous forms of child labour
Of children who did not participate in household chores 9.0 % of the child labourers are engaged in economic activities and 5.2 % of them are in hazardous activities
34.0 percent of children living in rural areas engaged in household chores are child labourers, compared to 15.4 percent of their counterparts in the urban areas.
the older a child is, the more likely it is for him/her to be engaged in household activities
at the regional level, participating in household chores and in child labour varies from 6.9 percent in Greater Accra to 40.7 percent in the Brong Ahafo region.

49. Summary
A third (33.0) of the estimated population are in the age group 5-17 years
31.6 percent are in the age group 8-11years and 24.4 percent in the 5-7 years age group
There are more children 5-17 years in rural areas (34.7%) than in the urban areas (31.3%)
57.5 percent of the children live with both father and mother
The proportion of children who live with both parents decreases with increasing age of the child
88.9 percent of children are currently attending school
19.2 percent of children currently not in because schools are “too far or that there are no schools”
28.5 percent of children participated in economic activity within the reference period
The older the child the more likely he/she is to participate in an economic activity.

50. Summary (cont’d)
Majority of the children (76.8%) work as skilled agriculture and fishery workers
76.3% of the economically active population of the children are employed in the private informal sector
1.2 percent of working children work in the night
4.1 percent of working children work both in the daytime and at night
21.8 percent of persons 5-17 years engage in child labour
14.2 percent of children are engaged in hazardous forms of child labour with the Brong Ahafo leading with 24.4 percent

51. Your attention is
highly appreciated