1. PRESENT PERFECT

2. Present Perfect
We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a connection to the present. The time when these actions happened is not important.

3. We use the Present Perfect for recently completed actions.

4. We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing.

5. Present Perfect - Use
It is a combination of past and present. An actions in the past has something to do with the present.

6. 1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present (It is not important when this action happened. When we use a specific time in the past - e.g. yesterday - then we use the Simple Past.)
I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.)

7. Has Peggy ever been to Tokyo? (Has Peggy been there or not?)

8. 2) Recently completed actions
He has just played handball. (It is over now.)

9. Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)
We have lived in Canada since (We still live there.)

10. 4) together with lately, recently, yet
I have been to London recently. (no specific point of time)

11. He has not written the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.)

12. PRESENT PERFECT FORM
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb.

13. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed,
e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs .

14. Affirmative
Subject to have past participle
She has visited

15. Subject to have + not past participle
She hasn't visited

16. Interrogative
to have subject past participle
Has she visited..?

17. Interrogative negative
to have + not subject past participle
Hasn't she visited...?

18. Example: to walk, present perfect
Affirmative
I have walked
You have walked
He, she, it has walked
We have walked
They have walked

19. Negative
I haven't walked
You haven't walked
He, she, it hasn't walked
We haven't walked
They haven't walked

20. Interrogative
Have I walked?
Have you walked?
Has he,she,it walked
Have we walked?
Have they walked?

21. Present Perfect - Spelling
Add -ed with regular verbs.
regular verbs
infinitive + -ed

22. Sometimes the are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed.
1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word
stop – stopped swap – swapped

23. We do not double the consonant if it is not stressed: benefit - benefited (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
In Britsh English we double one -l at the end of the word: travel - travelled

24. 2) one -e at the end of the word
Leave out the -e. Add -d.
love – loved
save – saved

25. 3) verbs ending in –y
Verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u):Add -ed.
play - played
Change 'y' to 'i' after a consonant.
Then add -ed. worry - worried

26. You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well
You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the Present Perfect you need the form of the verb which can be found in the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.
go - went - gone

27. Special verbs in the Present Perfect
1) have as a full verb
affirmative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have had a book.
he, she, it:
He has had a book.

28. negative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have not had a book.
he, she, it:
He has not had a book.

29. question
I, we, you, they:
Have I had a book?
he, she, it:
Has he had a book?

30. 2) be as a full verb
affirmative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have been to Britain.
he, she, it:
He has been to Britain.

31. negative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have not been to Britain.
he, she, it:
He has not been to Britain.

32. question
I, we, you, they:
Have I been to Britain?
he, she, it:
Has he been to Britain?

33. 3) do as a full verb
affirmative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have done an exercise.
he, she, it:
He has done an exercise.

34. negative sentence
I, we, you, they:
I have not done an exercise.
he, she, it:
He has not done an exercise.

35. question
I, we, you, they:
Have I done an exercise?
he, she, it:
Has he done an exercise?

36. Long forms and short forms in the Present Perfect
We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary have. So short forms are used frequently with the Present Perfect.

37. Affirmative long form
I, we, you, they:
I have gone
he, she, it:
he has gone

38. Affirmative short form
I, we, you, they:
I've gone
he, she, it:
he's gone

39. negative (have not)long form
I, we, you, they:
I have not gone
he, she, it:
he has not gone

40. short form
I, we, you, they:
I haven't gone or I've not gone
he, she, it:
he hasn't gone or he's not gone

41. EXERCISES 1