1. Press the F5 button on your keyboard to begin this tutorial.

2. Protein Creation Pathway Place your keyboard aside. Only use your mouse. START ROUGH ER REVIEW PROTEIN FUNCTIONS THE QUIZ

3. The Nucleus The nucleus (flashing circle) is nicknamed the “control center” of a cell. But why? The nucleus contains DNA in its active form and this DNA will ultimately be used as a blueprint to create proteins for use throughout the body. The process of creating a protein begins in the nucleus. Click the arrow to zoom inside and view a nucleus. See the dark spot inside the nucleus? This is the nucleolus. Give it a click. backhome

4. The Nucleolus The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus. This organelle (tiny cell part) is responsible for creating thousands of ribosomes. Ribosomes play an important role in the creation of proteins as we will see later. Click the Nucleolus to see an artists drawing. Nucleus Nucleolus backhome

5. The Nucleolus The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus. This organelle (tiny cell part) is responsible for creating thousands of ribosomes. Ribosomes play an important role in the creation of proteins as we will see later. These organelles are 3-dimensional. But they often look flat when viewed through a microscope. To proceed, answer the question below. What are the smaller units that proteins are made from called? monosaccharideFatty acidNucleotideAmino acid Monosaccharides makes complex sugars Fatty acids make lipids Nucleotides make nucleic acids Correct backhome

6. Ribosomes By far, the ribosomes are the most numerous of all organelles. Remember, they are created by the nucleolus. After exiting the nucleus they themselves are responsible for the production of proteins within the cell. Because they are so small, they resemble tiny dots in this picture. After they exit the nucleus, they are often attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Click HERE to see the ER and attached ribosomes.HERE backhome

7. Ribosomes By far, the ribosomes are the most numerous of all organelles. Remember, they are created by the nucleolus. After exiting the nucleus they themselves are responsible for the production of proteins within the cell. Because they are so small, they resembles tiny dots in this picture. After they exit the nucleus, the ribosomes are often attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). nucleusnucleolusRough ER There is something else inside the nucleus that makes the ribosomes Ribosomes travel along the rough ER. They are not created here. Let’s review. Which organelle creates the ribosomes? Correct backhome

8. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they begin to create proteins through a process called translation. The rough ER is called “rough” because it is covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the ribosomes. Click to see the rough ER. backhome

9. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they begin to create proteins through a process called translation. The rough ER is called “rough” because it is covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the ribosomes. Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to the outside of the nucleus. backhome

10. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they begin to create proteins through a process called translation. The rough ER is called “rough” because it is covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the ribosomes. Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to the outside of the nucleus. See the dots? Those are the ribosomes. backhome

11. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they begin to create proteins through a process called translation. The rough ER is called “rough” because it is covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the ribosomes. Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to the outside of the nucleus. See the dots? Those are the ribosomes. backhome

12. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are created by the nucleolus and then exit the nucleus. As they exit the nucleus, they begin to create proteins through a process called translation. The rough ER is called “rough” because it is covered with ribosomes. The rough ER is basically a tunnel system to move ribosomes to other parts of the cell. In this sense, you can compare the rough ER to a subway, and the passengers are the ribosomes. Since the ribosomes exit the nucleus and flow into the rough ER, the rough ER is attached to the outside of the nucleus. We need to review before we go further. backhome

13. Let’s Review Which step happens first? Click the correct sentence. How can they exit if they haven’t been created yet? The ribosomes exit the nucleus The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they travel along the rough ER. The nucleolus creates ribosomes How can they make proteins if they haven’t been created yet? Correct! Good job! backhome

14. Click which happens next. 1 st = The nucleolus creates ribosomes The ribosomes exit the nucleus The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they travel along the rough ER. Correct! How can they travel the ER if they haven’t exited the nucleus yet? backhome

15. Watch the animation. Then click the final step. 1 st step: The nucleolus creates ribosomes 2 nd step: The ribosomes exit the nucleus The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they travel along the rough ER. Well it was the final choice. I hope you got it correct. backhome

16. Remember, we are tracing the path of protein creation. 1 st step: The nucleolus creates ribosomes 2 nd step: The ribosomes exit the nucleus 3 rd step: The ribosomes begin to make proteins as they travel along the rough ER. backhome

17. Protein Functions Remember, the ribosomes were traveling along the rough ER while making proteins. Proteins are used in a wide variety of cell activities, such as growing hair, carrying oxygen, and digesting foods. Many proteins are created by one cell, but needed by another. Therefore many proteins need to be exported. That’s the job of the Golgi Body (named after Camillo Golgi). Click the arrow to see the Golgi Bodies. The Golgi body receives the proteins that were created by the ribosomes. The Golgi body packages the protein inside a protective envelope called a vesicle. Doesn’t the Golgi body resemble a stack of pancakes? Be patient after clicking the play button. Let the pictures cycle. backhome

18. Vesicles Vesicles float away from the Golgi body with finished proteins inside. The proteins are released from the cell and are used throughout the body. Let’s do some review. Use your worksheet to help you with the answers. 1) Which organelle creates ribosomes? vesicle nucleus ribosome Golgi body Rough ER Nucleolus Vesicles move finished proteins Ribosomes are made inside the nucleus by something else Ribosomes create themselves? Golgi body packages proteins Ribosomes travel along the rough ER, but aren’t made here. correct backhome

19. Review #2 Which organelle transports the ribosomes from the nucleus to the Golgi body? vesicle nucleus ribosome Golgi body Rough ER Nucleolus Golgi body packages proteins The nucleus holds DNA The nucleolus makes ribosomes Vesicles move finished proteins Ribosomes make proteins Correct backhome

20. Review #3 Which organelle creates proteins? vesicle nucleus ribosome Golgi body Rough ER nucleolus The Golgi body packages proteins The nucleus holds DNA The nucleolus makes ribosomes Vesicles move finished proteins The rough ER transports ribosomes around the cell Correct backhome

21. Review #4 Which organelle packages finalized proteins for shipment? vesicle nucleus ribosome Golgi body Rough ER Nucleolus The ribosome makes proteins The nucleus holds DNA The nucleolus makes ribosomes Vesicles move finished proteins The rough ER transports ribosomes around the cell Correct backhome

22. Review #5 Which organelle protects a finished protein as it exits the cell? vesicle nucleus ribosome Golgi body Rough ER Nucleolus The Golgi body packages proteins The nucleus holds DNA The nucleolus makes ribosomes Ribosomes make proteins The rough ER transports ribosomes around the cell Correct backhome

23. Review #6 Try again. This is the rough ER.. Try again. This is the Golgi body. Try again. This is the mitochondria. Correct backhome Now click on the nucleolus. Try again. This is the flagella.

24. Review #7 Now click on the Golgi body…remember pancakes? Try again. This is the flagella. Try again. This is the mitochondria. Try again. This is the rough ER. Correct backhome Try again.. This is the nucleolus.

25. Review #8 Now click on the rough ER. Try again. This is the Nucleolus Try again. This is the mitochondria. Try again. This is the Golgi body. Correct backhome Try again. This is the flagella.

26. Review #9 Now click on the organelle that packages proteins for shipment outside of the cell. Try again. The rough ER does not do this. Try again. The nucleolus does not do this. Try again. The mitochondria does not do this. Correct. The Golgi Body backhome

27. Review #10 Now click on the organelle that creates ribosomes. Try again. The mitochondria does not do this. Try again. The rough ER does not do this. Try again. The Golgi body does not do this. Correct. The Nucleolus. backhome

28. I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review. home