1. IT Outsourcing  Until 1990, the major drivers for outsourcing were: Cost-effective access to specialized or occasionally needed computing power or systems development skills Avoidance of building in-house IT skills and skill sets, primarily an issue for small and very low-technology organizations Access to special functional capabilities. Outsourcing during this period was important but, in retrospect, largely peripheral to the main IT activities that took place in mid-sized and large organizations.

2. IT Outsourcing Recent IT Outsourcing Agreements  Billions of $  Two factors have affected the growth of IT outsourcing Recognition of strategic alliances Changes in the technological environment

3. IT Outsourcing  Acceptance of Strategic Alliances Finding a strong organization partner to complement an area of weakness gives an organization an island of stability in a turbulent environment.  It is difficult to fight on all simultaneously on all fronts  Alliances allow a company to simplify its management agenda safely. Alliance allow a firm to leverage a key part of the value chain by bringing in a strong partner that complements its skills. Both firms should legitimately be benefiting

4. IT Outsourcing  IT Changing Environment Today, firms are not focusing IT only on internal processing systems: but, in a network fashion, - integrating internal system with those of customers, suppliers, - to be more efficient in globally market place. This integration places extraordinary pressures on firms trying to keep the old system services running while developing the interconnections and services demanded by the new environment. On the one hand, firm are looking for low-cost maintenance of the old systems to ensure they operate reliably, while, on the other hand, gaining access to new skills to permit their transformation to new model.

5. IT Outsourcing  Contracting ? “Contracting is the purchasing of goods or services when the buyer owns the process.” Bendor-Samuel If the buyer owns a process but purchases time, products or services to facilitate that process, then the buyer is in a contractual relationship.  Outsourcing? “Outsourcing takes place when an organization transfer the ownership of a business process to a supplier” Bendor-Samuel. The key is the concept of transfer of control or transfer of ownership. This is why IT outsourcing is very challenging and often a painful process.

6. IT Outsourcing  What drives Outsourcing Concern for cost and quality  Can we get our existing services for a reduced price at acceptable quality standard? (cost reduction)  Can we get new systems developed faster? Breakdown in IT performance  Access to capabilities not otherwise available Intense Supplier pressure  To free internal resources for other purposes Simplified GM Agenda  Concentrating on core competence?  Improved company focus Financial factors (make capital available)  E.g. General Dynamics received $200m for transferring its hardware/software to EDS.  Cash infusion

7. IT Outsourcing  What drives Outsourcing To reduce cycle time  Some kind of process improvement (BPR/TQM) Corporate culture  Turn fixed cost into variable cost Eliminating Internal Irritant  Engage an outside agent in the change process.

8. IT Outsourcing  Disadvantages of IT Outsourcing Can Increase Costs Locks Company to a Provider  Switching Costs in outsourcing vs. contracting Terminating charges Resume responsibility for process itself Rebuild infrastructure Recapture the process expertise Removes Knowledge of Processes from the Company Time and materials, and other capital investments Decreases Ability to Use Information Technology Strategically Losing control over process Risk involved in establishing IT process group from scratch

9. IT Outsourcing  Why Outsourcing Alliances are so Difficult Length of relationship  Long term contracts (8-10 years.) in fast moving technical and business environment. A deal that make sense in the beginning might make less sense three years after and requires adjustments to functions  Resulting into negotiation and misunderstanding Outsourcing is relatively easy but in-sourcing again is very difficult  Initial process ownership investment, ?, etc

10. IT Outsourcing  Difficulties with IT Outsourcing Measuring results  In the first year the outputs closely resemble those anticipated in the contract. In subsequent year, however, the contract payment stream becomes less and less tied to the initial set of planned outputs as the world changes Supplier power  The longer the outsourcing-relationship continued, the more the power shifts to the supplier, why?

11. IT Outsourcing  The Nature of IT Outsourcing Relationship Alliance Partnership Relationship (strategic) Marriage Integration  “The term outsourcing is inappropriate. This is really more of an integration of two separate businesses”  “We wanted to take the best parts of each culture and put them together. The same goes for structure, strategy and people.” Jagdish Dalal Head of Xerox’s Global outsourcing in 1994.  “Integration could only be achived if they developed a high degree of cooperation” Mike Reed Xerox outsourcing team

12. IT Outsourcing  When to Outsource IT and What could be Outsourced?

13. IT Outsourcing  When do the benefit of outsourcing outweigh the risks? Development portfolio A firm’s position in the market Current IT organization Make, Buy, Outsource Partnership Strategies Resource dependence theory

14. IT Outsourcing  Development Portfolio The higher the percentage of the systems development portfolio in maintenance or high-structured projects, the more the portfolio is a candidate for outsourcing Outsourcers with access to high-quality, cheap labor pools (e.g. in Russia, India or Ireland) and good project management skills can consistently outperform, on both cost and quality, a local unit that is caught in a “high-cost” geographic area and lacks the contacts, skills and confidence to manage extended relationship The growth of global fiber-optic networks has made all conventional thinking on where work should be done obsolete  Research have pointed out that more than 150,000 programmers are working in India on software development for US and European countries Large, low-structured projects pose very difficult coordination problems for outsourcing.

15. IT Outsourcing  A Firm’s Position in the market The further a company is from the network era in its internal use of IT, the more useful outsourcing can be to close the gap Firms still in the DP era and early micro era do not have the IT leadership, staff skills, or architecture to move ahead The outsourcer, by contrast, cannot just keep its old systems running, but must drive forward with contemporary practices and technology.

16. IT Outsourcing  Current IT Organization The more IT development and operations are already segregated, in the organization and in accounting, the easier it is to negotiate an enduring outsourcing contract. A stand-alone differentiated IT unit has already developed the integrating organizational and control mechanisms that are the foundation for an outsourcing contract. Separate functions and their ways of integrating with the rest of the organization already exist.

17. Make, Buy or Outsource Strategic Importance Company’s Skills Related to Best External Source Low High Equal Buy/Outsource Make or Buy/Out. Tend to make Make Strategic Alliances Rands (1993)

18. Make or buy decision Business strategyIT application or infrastructure provides proprietary competitive advantage IT application or infrastructure supports strategy or operations, but is not considered strategic in its own right Core competence Information/ process security and confidentiality Availability of suitable partners Availability of packaged software or solutions Cost/benefit analysis Time frame for implementation Evolution and complexity of the technology Ease of implementation Decision Criteria Pressure to “Make/Own” Pressure to “Buy”

19. Sourcing Strategies High Low Need for tailor made support LowHigh Market Potential to provide the support In-house solution Cost sharing or strategic alliance/ Selective outsourcing True spin-Off or outsourcing

20. Resource Dependence Theory High Low Degree of Resource Dependence LowHigh Degree of volatility In-house solution Cost sharing or strategic alliance Outsource True spin-Off or outsourcing Strategic Choice Framework for the IT Professional Resource

21. Performing / Strategic Focus (Not just focusing on cost) Time Insourcing / Bystander (outsourcing between 1-5% of IT. Mostly purchasing of IT functions). Forming / experimenting stage (outsourcing between 10-20% of IT activities) Storming / Strategic decision point (Organization leaders share conflicting ideas about outsourcing and pursuing different strategy to provide IT services) Norming / Proactive Cost Focus (Beginning to form norms and actively focusing and proactively using outsourcing for cost saving including offshore. Outsourcing 20-40% of IT activities) 5432154321 Stages

22. Accounting for Information Technology Costs Unallocated Cost Center Allocated Cost Center Profit Center

23. Allocated Method Description AdvantageDisadvantage Unallocated cost center All IS costs are considered an organizational expense Experiments with technology can occur User can request the development of new systems IS can develop systems regardless of economic benefit. Costs can get out of control. IS professionals cannot easily allocate their budget among conflicting requests. Allocated cost center IS department allocates costs to departments that use its services. User request only beneficial services. It works well in organization where changes are made regularly to all internal customers IS can have problems determining allocation of costs Friction among user departments and between them and IS can occur IS has no reason to operate efficiently. Profit center IS charges internal and external users the same and attempts to get both kinds of business. Users can choose who will perform their IT service. IS department has incentives to operate efficiently. Outsourcing may become more common. Fees may be higher than with other methods. Accounting for Information Technology Costs

24. Staffing the Technical Functions