1. Indian Nations, Tribal Sovereignty, and Tribal Government American Government Mr. Walters

2. Wisconsin has… 11 Different Groups 6 Different Tribes More Reservations than any other state east of the Mississippi River Courtesy of WI DPI

3. Sovereignty and the concept of Trust Laid down by Constitution… North West Ordinance (1787)… Supreme Court Rulings… - Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) -Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) -Worcester v. Georgia (1832) And Treaties

4. Sovereignty and the concept of Trust Sovereignty – the right to rule/govern oneself Trust – The ownership of land in trust was in the hands of a person with responsibility to manage it for the benefit of another person

5. Sovereignty

6. Citizenship wasn’t granted to American Indians until 1924 Greatly due to service in WWI Is this considered dual-citizenship?

7. Major Treaties in WI Treaty of 1825, Prairie du Chien The Pine Tree Treaty, 1837 The Copper Treaty, 1842 The Wisconsin Death March – Removal to Sand Lake Treaty of 1854

8. Treaties in WI Map of the Ceded Territory and some current Ojibwe Reservations From GLIFWC

9. Image From Patti Loew’s, Native People of Wisconsin Removal to Sandy Lake

10. “A Message from the President*” “Great nations like great men must keep their word. When America says something, America means it, whether a treaty or an agreement or a vow made on marble steps.” - Inaugural Address, George Bush January 20, 1989 *Not the current President

11. Congressional Acts Dealing with American Indian Politics Major Crimes Act (1885) Dawes Act/Allotment Act (1887) Wheeler – Howard Act/Indian Reorganization Act (1924)

12. Effects of the 1854 Treaty and Allotments ReservationOriginal Size (in acres) Estimated Size in 1935 (in acres) Red Cliff7,3215,176 Bad River124,33290,855 Lac Courte Oreilles 70,00043,416 Lac du Flambeau70,00054,673 St. Croixnot established until 1934 1,200 Mole Lakenot established until 1934 1,700

13. The IRA Title I: est. tribal governments [patterned much like American Gov’t. with constitutions], tribal laws, chartered tribal businesses Title II: education, Indian preference in the BIA Title III: repeals allotment system, money for new trust lands Title IV: est. tribal court system

14. American Indian Movement After WWII and with urbanization there is a major shift. In the 1960s, with the Civil Rights Movement in full action, American Indians start up their own civil rights organizations

15. American Indian Movement In Wisconsin 1970 – AIM helps members of LCO take over the NSP Dam in Winter, WI. This eventually leads to government support and settlement

16. Treaties and Rights in WI “We wish to hold on to a tree where we get our living…the Indians wish to reserve the privilege of hunting and fishing…” All Paintings by Seth Eastman

17. Treaties and Rights in WI -1974 – The Tribble Brothers are arrested for exercising their reserved rights -1978 – Fed. Court Rules against LCO -1983 – Appeals court reverses ruling -Supreme Court turns back States Appeal -PARR and STA interfere

18. Treaties and Rights in WI The Opposition

22. With spearing, GLIFWC was formed Helps regulate reserved rights Works with and cross-deputized with state DNR

23. Common Myths “We gave them their Reservations” “Treaties are old pieces of paper and are no longer valid” Indians receive “special” rights “They [American Indians] lost their land fighting against the U.S. Government” “They don’t pay taxes” “Indians get money for being Indian”