1. Using the Scientific Toolbox for Policy Analysis: Getting started Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

2. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

3. PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com ISSUES The water tower role Poverty of water stewards Low external input agriculture Low accessibility to markets Growing demand for food Data scarce environment Tibet – World’s roof top

4. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

5. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

6. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

7. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

8. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

9. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Water resources and Tibet  Tibet is the “water tower" of Asia and rivers originating in Tibet (e.g. Mekong, Yellow river, Yangthze, Yarlung Tsampo, Indus) support hundreds of millions of people downstream  Perennial flows of these rivers largely rely on the constant flux of the Tibetan glaciers  Annual hydrological transfer to downstream countries total 577 km3 from a basin of 1.1 million km2  Mountain regions are considered the “blackest box of black boxes” in the global hydrological cycle (increased specific yield, seasonal delay of discharge, decreased seasonal variability)

10. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Water resources and Tibet Values:  Water supply  Pivotal role in sustaining soil fertility  Hydropower (1300 TWh)  Plateau lakes are of ecological and religious importance

11. Root Zone Shallow (unconfined) Aquifer Vadose (unsaturated) Zone Confining Layer Deep (confined) Aquifer Evaporation and Transpiration Infiltration/plant uptake/ Soil moisture redistribution Lateral Flow Surface Runoff Precipitation Return Flow Revap from shallow aquifer Percolation to shallow aquifer Recharge to deep aquifer Flow out of watershed Hydrologic Balance

12. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

13. PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

14. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

15. PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Modelling of water resources

16. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Modelling of water resources

17. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

18. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Modelling of water resources

19. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Modelling of water resources

20. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Modelling of water resources

21. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Modelling of water resources  Water is key in bridging the gap between potential and actual production  Watershed shows limited response to changes in land use and water management – shallow soils, steep slopes, low water holding capacity  SWAT is a suitable tool to address the effects of management, climate and land use change scenarios on the water resources at various scales

22. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

23. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

24. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

25. PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

26. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com ISSUES Free trade agreements and implications Competitiveness Research/extension re-alignment Good market accessibility High external input agriculture Sustainability of Natural Resources Water towers “Data-rich” environment

27. PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

28. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

29. PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Author, presenter. Organization y = -65.937x 2 + 457.38x - 205.5 R 2 = 0.8865 y = -107.95x + 828.35 R 2 = 0.9022 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 012345 Heads per hectare Weight Gain (kg/year) kg por hectareakg por animal With the technology generated by IDIAP farmers Could reduce production costs from $1.30 to 0.83

30. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Gross Margin (200,000) (150,000) (100,000) (50,000) - 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 Base ScenarioReaching biological Potential Grazing + MaizeGrass-Legume Pasture (US$) - a precio actual de 0.34 US$- a precio del TLC 0.15 US$ Dairy farms in the highlands adopting pasture Technology could compete for local market

31. Agroecological Zones - Panama

32. Zone 1

33. Zone 2

34. Zone 3

35. Zone 4

36. Zone 5

37. Zone 6

38. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Banana plantations affected by Sigatoka

39. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

40. Land use/cover change 1979 : 2000

41. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Land use conflict map

42. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Simulated potato yield with local variety To compete for the local market farmers should hace a cost of < $ 0.16 per kg, meaning having yields above 35 t/ha or decreasing production costs

43. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

44. Microcuencas Ejm Microcuenca#7 Disminucion de la Erosión debido al Cambio de Zonas Cultivo de Papa por Pasto

45. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Chiriqui Viejo Upper Watershed: Gross Margin (Actual) in Conflict areasDue to Milk Production and Potato Production 100% ($)

46. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com Chiriqui Viejo Upper Watershed: Gross Margin for conflict areas transformed into pasture (50 % and 100 % ) for Dairy

47. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com

48. Disminución de la Concentración de Carbofuradan en el Río Chiriqui Viejo debido a la Adopcion de MIP y el Cambio de Zonas de Cultivo de Papa por Pasto Ejm Microcuenca 7 Todas las Microcuencas

49. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 020000400006000080000100000120000 Carbofuran Reduction, Kg of Active Ingredient Incentive $/Kg Papa MIPPapa MIP/Pastos Incentive curve for Carbofuran reduction in the upper watershed of the Chiriqui Viejo River

50. Expected Adoption Curve providing incentive for reducinf carbofuran in the water

51. Author, presenter. Organization PwC www.ecoregionalfund.com