1. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California

2. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 2 The Inverse ODE Problem The inverse problem in this paper is very primitive: find the differential equation and the boundary conditions if the discrete solution is known everywhere If [ x i, y i ], i = 1,2,.. p is known as the solution to Then find f(D) and y 0 OR f(D) may be a linear or a nonlinear operator The ODE is homogenous the forward or the direct boundary value problem is the determination of the solution everywhere if the differential equation is known and the boundary conditions are given after all

3. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 3 Current Types of Inverse Problems Inverse problems investigated today belong to one of three types (i) Identifying parameters in a known form of the differential equation based on the particular knowledge domain (ii) Identifying boundary conditions at points that are not easily accessible using excess data at other points (iii) establishing some functions on the domain that are tied to the known form of the differential equations Most of the investigations today use some form of element discretization in two dimensional domain

4. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 4 The Solution Process The procedure involves two steps: 1.A “best” Bezier function is fitted to the data This function, which is also the solution to the ODE, will satisfy the differential equation and identify the boundary condition 2.The specific form of the differential equation is determined This form is established from a generic representation of the ODE using a set of exponent and coefficient values

5. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 5 Why a Bezier Function? Bezier functions can provide explicit solutions to the forward boundary value problem very effectively The author’s papers in previous CIE conferences have shown Bezier functions can solve linear or nonlinear, single or multi variable, ordinary or partial differential equations, with initial and/or boundary values Bezier functions are parametric curves based on Bernstein polynomial basis functions “the Bernstein polynomial approximation to a continuous function mimics the gross features of the function remarkably well” - Gordon and Riesenfeld As the order of the polynomial is increased, this approximation converges uniformly to the function and its derivatives where they exist The Bezier curve delivers, at the minimum, the same smoothness as the primitive function it is trying to emulate

6. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 6 What is a Bezier Function ? p : parameter Bernstein basis Number of vertices: 5 Order of the function : 4 A Bezier function is a Bezier curve that behaves like a function The Bezier curve is defined using a parameter Instead of y=f(x); both x and y depend on the same parameter value; x = x(p) and y = y(p)

7. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 7 Matrix Description of Bezier Function (2D) This allows the use of Array Processing for shorter computer time

8. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 8 For a selected order of the Bezier function (n) Given a set of (m) vector data y a,i, or [Y], find the coefficient matrix, [B] so that the corresponding data set y b,i, [Y B ] produces the least sum of the squared error Minimize FOC: Step 1:The Best Bezier Function to fit the Data Once the coefficient matrix is known, all other information, including the derivatives can be generated using array processing This is Step 1 of the solution process The best m is determined by the lowest value of E

9. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 9 Step 2:The Generic Form of ODE Many 3 rd order ODE generic forms are used in the paper. For example There are two types of unknowns: the exponents of the derivatives the coefficients multiplying the terms The exponents are expected to be integers The coefficients are unrestricted The function and its derivatives are known quantities after Step 1 Linear Generic Form Nonlinear Generic Form

10. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 10 Establishing the Unknowns A Least Squared Error Technique is used to determine the unknowns N: the number of data points This is the objective for linear constant coefficient form A similar one can be used for the generic nonlinear form A continuous application of standard optimization technique was unsuccessful because the exponents were not integers A mixed integer (exponents) – continuous (coefficients) approach was also unsuccessful because the solution will determine trivial values Solution was only possible through discrete programming

11. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 11 Discrete Programming Used in The Paper Two procedures are considered in this paper 1. Exhaustive Enumeration all of the values for the unknowns are considered in combination before the optimum is determined 2.Simple Heuristic Programming simple heuristic exhaustive enumeration over predetermined number of cycles (1 billion) Discrete Programming is incredibly time extensive For the linear constant coefficient form, allowing 3 values for each unknown required 1.0*10 5 cpu seconds on a Linux Opteron running MATLAB 2007a

12. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 12 Example 1 (Step 1) Best order of Fit (based on y-data) : 14 Number of data points: 200 Sum of Absolute Error (y): 7.27217e-005 Sum of Squared Error (y): 3.96250e-011 Average Error (y): 3.63608e-007 Sum of Absolute Error (x): 4.56362e-007 Sum of Squared Error (x): 2.05982e-015 Average Error (x): 2.28181e-009 Typeoriginal dataBezier data x (initial)11 x (final)55 y (initial)11 y (final)22 dy/dx (initial)not given-7.2728 dy/dx (final)not given2.1184 d 2 y/dx 2 (initial) not given6.5163 The original data is discrete x-y data The derivatives are those predicted for the data

13. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 13 Example 1 (Step 2) The exponents and coefficients are drawn from the set of three except for h 1 that will belong to a set of 9 values Solution : Exhaustive Enumeration a 1 = 0, a 2 = 1, a 3 = 1, a 4 = 1, b 1 = 1, b 2 = 0, b 3 = 0, c 1 = 1, c 2 = 0, d 1 = 1. The solution for the exponents: The solution for the coefficients: e 1 = 1, e 2 = 1, e 3 = 1, f 1 = 0, f 2 = 0, f 3 = 1, g 1 = 0, g 2 = 1, g 3 = 0, h 1 = -0.25 h 2 = 0, h 3 = 1. The differential equation This was the same differential equation used to generate the discrete data

14. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 14 Example 2 (Step 1) Best order of Fit (based on y-data): 12 No. of data points: 101 Sum of Absolute Error (y): 8.90327e-005 Sum of Squared Error (y): 1.51515e-010 Average Error (y): 8.81512e-007 Sum of Absolute Error (x): 1.23819e-008 Sum of Squared Error (x): 2.26533e-018 Average Error (x): 1.22593e-010 Typeoriginal dataBezier data x (initial)01.3234e-013 x (final)66.0000 y (initial)01.9390e-007 dy/dx (initial)0-1.3919e-005 dy/dx (final)11.0001 d 2 y/dx 2 (initial)0.33260.3329 The discrete data is created by numerical integration using derivative information The Bezier data approximates the derivative nicely

15. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 15 Example 2 (Step 2) Solution : Exhaustive Enumeration The solution for the exponents: The solution for the coefficients: The differential equation A constant nonlinear generic form is used (to reduce time of computation) a 1 = 1, a 2 = 1, a 3 = 2, a 4 = 0, b 1 = 2, b 2 = 2, b 3 = 1, c 1 = 0, c 2 = 0, d 1 = 0 e 1 = 1, e 2 = 0.5, e 3 = 0.5, e 4 = 0.5 This is the Blasius equation used to generate data

16. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 16 Conclusions and Future Work A two-phased approach is used to identify the ODE from discrete solution data through discrete programming using LSQ criterion 1. Identify the best Bezier function that fits the data This will provide information on the boundary conditions 2. Find the exponents and coefficients of appropriate generic ODE This will identify the particular ODE The computation time is a serious issue for a broader range of values. Global optimization techniques may provide a relief Extension to coupled ODE single and coupled PDE non smooth data are planned for the future

17. P. Venkataraman Mechanical Engineering P. Venkataraman Rochester Institute of Technology DETC2009 – 86331 Solving Inverse ODE using Bezier Functions 29 th CIE, San Diego, California 17 Questions ?