1. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg 1 Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Curt-Engelhorn Chair in American History Prof. Dr. Manfred Berg Winter Term 2008/2009 The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century

2. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Wilsonian Internationalism, 1913-1920  Woodrow Wilson  Interventionism in the Caribbean  From Neutrality to War  Waging War  Making Peace  The Treaty Fight in the U.S. Senate

3. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Woodrow Wilson, 1854-1924  President of Princeton University, 1902-1910  Governor of New Jersey, 1911-1913  US President, 1913-1921

4. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Wilsonianism  “It is a very perilous thing to determine the foreign policy of a nation in terms of material interest. It not only is unfair to those with whom you are dealing, but it is degrading as regards your own action.”  Woodrow Wilson, 1913

5. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Veracruz, Mexico 1914 U.S. troops land south of Veracruz. U.S. warships bombard San Juan de Ulua fortress.

6. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The U.S. in Haiti, 1915-1933 Capture of Fort Riviere, Haiti, 1915

7. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Haiti Occupation  “We were all embued [sic] with the fact that we were the trustees of a huge estate that belonged to minors. That was the viewpoint that I personally took that the Haitians were our wards and that we were endeavoring to make for them a rich and productive property, to be turned over to them at such time as our government saw fit.”  General Smedley Butler, 1922

8. Europe 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 28th June 1914 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

9. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Kaiser, 1859-1941  German Kaiser and King of Prussia, 1888-1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II., 1905

10. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Neutrality  The United States and its citizens must be “neutral in fact as well as in name…impartial in thought as well as in action.” Woodrow Wilson, August 1914

11. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Lusitania, May 1915  Illustration of the Sinking  Press reaction, May 8, 1915

12. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Toward War  January 1917: Peace Without Victory  February 1917: Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare  March 1917: Zimmermann Telegram  April 1917: U.S. Declares War on Germany

13. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Woodrow Wilson, 1917  “The World Must Be Made Safe For Democracy.”

14. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg American Expeditionary Force

15. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg War Propaganda  War propaganda in 1917/18  War bond campaign

16. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Vladimir Lenin, 1870-1924

17. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The 14 Points of January 1918  1. Open covenants of peace instead of secret diplomacy  2. Freedom of the seas  3. Free and equal trade  4. General disarmament to a level consistent with domestic safety  5. A free and impartial adjustment of all colonial claims  6.-8.: Evacuation of Russia, Belgium, and France  9.-13.: All disputes of nationality, borders and territory were to settled based on national self-determination and autonomous development.  14. The formation of a “general association of nations…for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”

18. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Military Intervention in Russia, 1918-1920  American troops parade in Vladivostok, August 1918.

19. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Wilson in Paris, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's arrival in Paris on the Place de la Concorde.

20. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Peace Conference, 1919  Pictured from left to right: Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau and Wilson

21. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The League Covenant  Art. 10: “The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League.”

22. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Henry Cabot Lodge, 1850-1924  U.S. Representative, 1887-1893  U.S. Senator, 1893-1924  Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1919-1924

23. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg William Borah, 1865-1940  U.S. Senator, 1907-1940  Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1924-1933

24. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg The Treaty Fight, 1919-1920  Irreconcilables  Mild Reservationists  Hard Reservationists  Wilson Loyalists