1. Child growth charts in Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Funded by Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. 2013

2. Why monitor children’s growth? Child growth = important marker of health and development best measure of nutrition abnormal growth may show underlying health or developmental problems quick, non-invasive techniques

3. Healthy growth Weight and length ‘tracking’ on percentiles Growth is influenced by: Genetics and epigenetics Environment Nutrition Biological (e.g. birthweight) Health and wellbeing

4. Percentiles explained 97 th percentile 3 in approximately 100 children are above this line 3 rd percentile 3 in approximately 100 children are below this line 50 th percentile Half the children at any age are above this line and half are below

5. Current uses of growth reference data and charts Individual children Surveillance tool to monitor individual child growth Early identification of poor growth or obesity risk Populations Analysis and reporting of population growth data and trends

6. Growth charts show the growth of a reference population and are used to assess growth of individuals and groups Serial measurements are plotted on a growth chart to assess patterns of growth Single or ‘one off’ measurements are less meaningful

7. Background of current growth charts

8. National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) (1977) used cross-sectional data from US health surveys from 1960’s – 1970’s data for children birth – 3 year olds was from a longitudinal study in Ohio concerns mostly formula fed infants measurements collected between 1929 – 1974 from a small geographical area infrequent measurements

9. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2000) based on US national health surveys between the 1960’s and 1990’s excluded very low birth weight infants (<1500g), and data from the newest survey for children over 6 due to increasing overweight in the population statistical methods were used to obtain smooth percentile lines from cross-sectional measurements at the time, charts thought to be racially and ethnically diverse and representative of the US population concerns: mostly formula-fed infants – only half had ever breastfed, and only 21% were exclusively breastfed 4 months small sample size in the birth – 6 months age groups (< 100 per age group) skew towards higher weights in the older age groups probably because of increasing rates of obesity in the population

10. World Health Organization (WHO) 0 – 5 years (2006) Multi-center growth reference study (World Health Organization) – measured children from 6 countries representing different regions of the world: Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States. Purpose of the study was to more closely represent the growth of breastfed infants, especially in the first 12 months Inclusion criteria: no health, environmental or economic constraints on growth single-birth, term baby no significant morbidity willing to follow health and feeding recommendations: non-smoking mother exclusive or predominant breastfeeding for at least 4 months introduction of solid foods between 4 and 6 months continued breastfeeding until at least 12 months Routine paediatric health care visits and immunisations

11. Children were measured in 6 countries

12. Study showed there is no effect of ethnicity on infant growth Linear growth of children from 0 – 2 years from the 6 sites

13. WHO charts 5 – 19 year olds (2007) Growth charts for children over 5 years were released in mid 2007 Based on historical data from the NCHS/ WHO 1997 growth reference A longitudinal study was not feasible Data was merged with the under 5’s growth data to make smooth curves Outliers for both height and weight for age and BMI for age were removed to avoid the influence of unhealthy weights BMI charts were created for 5 – 19 year olds At age 19 years the +1 SD is equivalent to the overweight cut off for adults (25 kg/m2) and +2 SD is equivalent to the adult cut off for obesity (30 kg/m2)

14. Differences between the WHO and CDC charts 0 – 2 years Growth data CDC: how sample population grew WHO: healthy children raised according to best practice health practices Consistency with current nutrition recommendations CDC: 50% any breastfeeding, 21% at 4 months WHO: all breastfed, 75% at 4 months

15. Differences between the WHO and CDC charts 0 – 2 years Longitudinal vs cross-sectional measurements CDC children measured once WHO each infant measured 21 times between birth and 2 years Obesity issue CDC removed weight data for children over 6 years, but not under 6 years WHO excluded very overweight children 0 – 2 years and 2 – 5 years International representation CDC: single country WHO: 6 countries

16. Australian recommendations WHO charts birth – 2 years For breastfed and formula fed- infants CDC charts 2 – 18 years Consistent with recommendations from: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC): Dietary Guidelines (2013) Infant feeding guidelines (2012)

17. Recommended charts for Australia Girls and boysPercentiles 0 – 24 monthsWHO (2006) Head circumference Weight for age Length for age 3 rd – 97 th 2 – 18 years 1 CDC (2000)Weight for age Height for age BMI for age 3 rd – 97 th 3 rd - 97 th 3 rd – 97 th 1 NT uses WHO charts 0 – 19 years

18. How to assess children’s growth Ensure serial measurements of both weight and length / height are collected over time Plot weight and length / height on age and gender- appropriate growth chart Healthy growth = weight and length / height track along a curve (even if ‘off’ the chart) Poor growth = decline in rate of weight gain first, followed by length / height gain Excessive growth = increase in rate of weight gain; increasing weight percentiles

19. And... Correct for prematurity until approximately 2 years of age Specific charts are available for some conditions/syndromes (but these are not validated and should be used along with standard WHO and CDC charts)

20. ‘Flags’ Weight or length / height (stature) < 3 rd percentile Weight or length / height (stature) > 97 th centile BMI > 85 th percentile Further investigate Unexplained weight loss Weight not regained following acute illness Weight or length stature ‘plateau’ Weight, length / stature or BMI increasing or decreasing centiles

21. Poor growth The best indicator of poor growth is weight and / or length tracking downwards on percentiles on the weight and /or length for age growth charts Other less reliable definitions include: weight dropping percentile lines on weight for age growth chart, weight and length are more than 2 percentile lines apart on the weight and length for age growth charts, weight or length for age below the 3 rd percentile.

22. Examples of poor growth patterns

23. Static weight = concern

24. Weight loss = concern

25. Weight decreasing on percentiles = concern

26. Weight increasing on percentiles = concern

27. Overweight BMI (body mass index) is the standard tool to assess child overweight over 2 year olds BMI = weight (kg) height (m 2 ) Unlike adults, BMI for children depends on age and stage of growth Overweight = > 85 th percentile for age on BMI chart Obese = > 95 th percentile for age on BMI chart

28. Child growth discussions Use a sensitive approach Most children do grow well Reinforce positive aspects of child’s growth and development Explain growth chart and percentile lines Show the child’s weight on the weight for age growth chart Show the child’s length / height on the length /height for age growth chart Explain the trend in child’s weight and length /height compared with previous measurements If there is a change in the trend of child’s growth, ask the parent / carer if they think anything may have contributed to the change. Try to use open-ended questions to prompt discussion.

29. Key points chart changes do not change individual children’s growth stick to one chart do not rely on one measurement the trend is more important than single measurements need calibrated, accurate equipment need accurate measuring and plotting despite many parents’ perceptions the 50 th percentile is not the goal for each child

30. Equipment

31. Birth to 2 years To nearest 0.1cm Weight to nearest 10g purpose‘infantometer’ to nearest 0.1cm

32. Over 2 years Portable or fixed ‘for purpose’ To 100g / 0.1cm

33. Key references Australian Child growth website Eat for Health Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013) Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines (2012) International WHO growth charts CDC growth charts UK growth charts Canada growth charts