1. The Organization of the Human Body
Pages 1-18

2. Anatomy and Physiology Defined
Anatomy: science of structure and relationships among structures
Physiology: science of
how body structures
function

3. Levels of Organization and Body Systems
Six levels in human body:
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal

4. Chemical : Chapter 2 Cellular: Chapter 3
Atoms: smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and a few others are essential to life
Molecules: two or more atoms joined together
DNA, hemoglobin, glucose, vitamins
Cellular: Chapter 3
Formed from combined molecules  cells
Basic structural and functional units of an organisms; smallest living units in human body

5. Tissue: Chapter 4
Consists of groups of cells and surrounding materials that work together to perform a specific function
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial: forms innermost and outermost surfaces of body structures and forms glands
Connective: most abundant type; functions to bind and support (ground substance and fibers between cells)
Muscle: specialized to produce motion in response to muscle action potentials via contractions, extensibility, elasticity, excitability. Types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous: contians neurons that initiate and conduct nerve impulses to coordinate homeostasis, and neuroglia that provides support and nutrition to neurons

6. Organ System: Chapters 5-24
Have recognizable shapes; composed of two or more types of tissue, and have specific functions
System: Chapters 5-24
Consists of related organs that have a common function

7. ELEVEN PRINCIPLE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY All summarized Table 1
ELEVEN PRINCIPLE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY All summarized Table 1.1; pages 4-5
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Pass out handout informational sheet

8. Organismal Highest level of organization; combination of all systems
Systems work together to:
Maintain health
Protect against disease
Allow reproduction

9. Life Processes of Humans
Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes
anabolic reactions: breakdown of large, complex molecules
catabolic reactions: building of body’s structural and functional components
Responsiveness: ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment
Homeostatic mechanisms
Movement: whole body motion; organ, cell, and organelle motion; muscular and skeletal motion
Growth: increase in body size
Also cell size increase
Differentiation: unspecialized cells become specialized
Reproduction: cellular and organismal

10. Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits
Maintaining stable internal environments within certain limits in response to disruptions from external or internal stimuli and from psychological stresses
Mainly in interstitial fluids that surround all body cells
Regulatory systems
Nervous
Detects body changes and sends nerve impulse signals
Endocrine
Secretes hormones

11. Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems
Receptors: monitor changes in a controlled condition and send input to a control center
Control Center: sets the value at which a controlled condition should be maintained; evaluates input from receptors, and generates output to effectors
Effectors: receive output from control center and produce a response that alters controlled condition to maintain homeostasis.

12. Homeostatic Mechanisms
ID receptor, control centrer, effector
Receptor: nervous system
Control center: brain; hypothalamus
Effector: dermal blood vessels to sweat glands (endocrine system)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM: reverses original stimulus (temperature regulation)
POSISTIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM: enhances the original stimulus (childbirth)

13. Homeostasis and Disease
Disruptions to homeostasis can lead to disorders and/or diseases
Disorder: any disturbance of structure and/or function
Disease: illness characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Signs: objective changes in body functions apparent to an observer
Bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, paralysis
Symptoms: subjective changes in body functions not apparent to an observer
Headache, nausea

14. Aging and Homeostasis
Aging creates observable changes in structure and function; increase vulnerability to stress and disease
Affects all body
systems

15. Anatomical Terms
Assume body standing erect and facing observer, head is level, eyes face forward, feet flat on floor and directed forward, arms are at the sides, with palms turned forward when using anatomical terms

16. Names of Body Regions Head (cephalic) Neck (cervical) Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Head: skull (encloses brain) and face (eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, chin)
Neck: supports the head attaches it to the trunk
Trunk: chest, abdomen, pelvis
Upper limb: attached to the trunk; shoulder, armpit, arm (portion from shoulder to elbow), forearm (portion from elbow to wrist), wrist, and hand
Lower limb: attached to the trunk; buttock, thigh (portion from hip to the knee), leg (portion from knee to ankle), ankle, and foot

17. Directional Terms Indicate the relationship of one
part of the body to another and
aid in establishing location
Superior (cephalic or cranial)
Inferior (caudal)
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Superior: toward the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior: away from the head, or lower part of a structure
Anterior: nearer to the front of the body
Posterior: nearer to the back of the body
Medial: nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane
Lateral: farther from the midline or midsagittal plane
Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the point of origin or beginning
Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb o the trunk, farther from the point of origin or beginning
Superficial: toward or on the surface of the body
Deep: away from the surface of the body

18. Planes and Sections
Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body or organs into parts
Sagittal plane
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Frontal plane (coronal)
Transverse plane
Oblique plane
Sections result from cuts through
body structures; named according
to the plane on which the cut is
made: tranverse, frontal, or
sagittal
Sagittal: divides body or organ into right and left sides
Midsagittal: passes through midline; equal right and left sides
Parasagittal: unequal right and left sides
Frontal: divides body or organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Transverse: divides body or organ into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Oblique: passes through body or organ at an angle between transverse plane and sagittal plane or between transverse and frontal
CLICK for next slide to show organ view…

19. Planes and Sections
Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body or organs into parts
Sagittal plane
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Frontal plane (coronal)
Transverse plane
Oblique plane
Sections result from cuts through
body structures; named according
to the plane on which the cut is
made: tranverse, frontal, or
sagittal

20. Body Cavities
Spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

21. Dorsal Body Cavity Located near back (dorsal) surface of the body
Cranial cavity
Skull; contains brain
Vertebral cavity
Backbone; contains spinal cord

22. Ventral Body Cavity
Located near front (ventral) surface of the body; contains organs collectively called viscera
Thoracic cavity; chest area
Pericardial
Pleural
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdomen
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gallbladder
small intestine
most of large intestine
Pelvis
Urinary bladder
Portions of large intestine
Internal reproductive organs
Pericardial: fluid-filled space around the heart
Pleural: each surround one lung and contain a small amount of fluid
Mediastinum: mass of tissues between the pleural cavities and extending from the sternum (breastbone) to the vertebral column (backbone) and from neck to the diaphragm includes: heart, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
Note: diaphragm is a large dome-shaped muscle that powers lung expansion during breathing; forms floor of thoracic cavity and roof of abdominopelvic cavity

23. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
1st Method: two horizontal and two vertical lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric
Left iliac
This method is more commonly used for anatomical studies

24. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
2nd Method: one horizontal and one vetical line pass through the umbilicus (navel) dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
This method is more commonly used by clinicians to describe the site of abdominopelvic pain, mass, or other abnormality