1. QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 8 1)What are some effects that geography has on a society? 2)What inventions have transformed modern society/how? 3)How can social injustice lead to reform movements? GRAPH PG. 386--#1/2 Reading Check-p. 387: Why did Pittsburgh grow? Pg.—387# 1) #)2#3)

2. GRAPH—p. 386 POPULATION GROWTH OF US 1)NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, & VIRGINIA STATES OVER 1 MILLION PEOPLE 2)ALABAMA

3. SECTION 8.1 REVIEW REASONS WHY NEW ENGLAND WAS IDEAL FOR FACTORIES Poor soil for farming; Fast Rivers/Streams for Power; Close deposits of coal & iron; Ports HOW DID FARMING DIFFER IN THE NORTHEAST FROM THE SOUTH? Northeast—Small farms-grew for locals South– Large Farms—grew for export (cotton)

4. SECTION 8.1 REVIEW FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM 1.Competition 2.Profit 3.Private Property 4.Economic Freedom

5. CHAPTER 8: THE NORTHEAST BUILDING INDUSTRY SECTION 1: ECONOMIC GROWTH

6. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1800s America—New England Farming was difficult—moved farmers to mills Many rivers for waterpower Close to resources (coal/iron) Ports for imports & exports

7. CAPITALISM/FREE ENTERPRISE Free to buy, sell & produce what people want 1)Competition 2)Profit Motive 3)Private Property 4)Economic Freedom

8. “All money is a matter of belief.” --ADAM SMITH

9. Technology PATENTS—legal right to invention 1793—Eli Whitney—Cotton Gin – Interchangeable Parts  Mass Production 1793—Samuel Slater—Textile Mill to US from Britain 1814—Francis Cabot Lowell—Factory System in MA

10. Factories  CITIES Grew as centers of trade (along water routes) – Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville Dangers: Diseases, Pollution, Crime, Fires Advantages: Opportunity, Activities, Education

11. 8.2-TRANSPORTATION AMERICAN SYSTEM—HENRY CLAY Infrastructure; Protective Tariffs; Conservative Western Land Sales Census—1790-4 Million 1820—10 Million

12. Traveling West Turnpikes—private toll roads National Road—Congressional Funds; Military Necessity River Travel—downstream comfortable/easy Problems—went North/South not West Upstream difficult/slow

14. STEAMBOAT 1807—Robert Fulton—powerful engine steamboat to go from NYC to Albany Made shipping cheaper, easier & faster

15. CANALS Business & Government officials plan to link NYC with Great Lakes—(East & Midwest) Erie Canal—from Hudson River to Lake Erie—Albany to Buffalo—1825—363 miles Led to more canals, lowered shipping costs, more opportunities for business, united growing country

17. WESTWARD SETTLEMENT 2 nd Wave (1816-1821) 5 New States—Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri Shipped crops to market with canals; could buy goods from distant markets

18. 8.3--North’s People “WAGE SLAVES”—dependent on factory wages Workers organize for improved wages & better working conditions –Unions/Strikes Discrimination against women, African-Americans, & children

19. Fight Discrimination Cornish/Russworm—”Freedom’s Journal” 1 st African-American newspaper Sarah Bagley—Female Labor Reform Organization

20. Immigration 1840-1860—work in factories for low pay IRISH—potato famine—1.5 million immigrate – Poor  manual labor jobs—factories GERMANS—failed democratic revolution—1848 – Had money—opened businesses or farms

21. Immigration Impact Diversity of cultures—Roman Catholicism Prejudice against immigrants Nativists—immigrants threat to America; taking jobs; ruining cities Know-Nothing (American) Party—Nativists— wanted strict immigration laws

22. 8.4—REFORMS & REFORMERS Reform—change in religion, politics, education, & literature UTOPIAS—Versions of a perfect society

23. 2 nd Great Awakening NY camp revivals; inspired people to change themselves & the world—REFORM MOVEMENTS Rise in Christianity, ministers & missionary work

24. TEMPERANCE Religious movement— against alcohol Blamed for poverty, family breakups, & crime Temperance—drinking little or no alcohol Message spread through lectures, pamphlets

26. EDUCATION Push for Public Education (gov’t funded schools) — New England Horace Mann—teacher training & pay increase; lengthen school year/curriculum Tax based, teachers trained, & compulsory

28. HIGHER EDUCATION New Colleges founded by religious groups Over time, women & African-Americans formed colleges

29. SPECIAL NEEDS Thomas Gallaudet—Hartford School for the Deaf Dr. Howe—raised letter books for blind—school for blind

30. PRISONS Dorthea Dix—reform to prisons—mentally imprisoned but guilty of no crime

32. WRITTEN RESPONSE DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THOREAU’S DECISION TO NOT PAY HIS TAXES AND GO TO PRISON? CITE AND RESPOND TO AT LEAST ONE POINT FROM THE READING.

34. TRANSCENDENTALISTS—(New England) Stressed man’s relationship with nature & individual conscience Emerson—think for one’s self ”Nature” &”Self-Reliance” Thoreau—’Civil Disobedience’—refusal to obey unjust laws—”Walden”

35. AMERICAN LITERATURE POETRY---Walt Whitman Nature, common people, individualism Emily Dickinson—Personal/Emotional Poetry

36. 8.5—WOMEN’S MOVEMENT Assert rights as independent human beings Improve role in Society

37. SENECA FALLS CONVENTION--1848 Lucretia Mott/E.C. Stanton organize meeting 1 st Women’s rights convention Seneca Falls, NY…200 women/40 men “Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions “ Called for end to discrimination & right to vote (suffrage)

39. WOMEN’S RIGHTS Susan B. Anthony—(Quaker)--coeducation advocate Temperance, Suffrage, Professionalism, Abolition & Marriage Laws—own property Mary Lyon—Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary—1837--- 1 st Women’s only college

40. WRITTEN RESPONSE IF YOU WERE ALIVE DURING THIS TIME, WOULD YOU HAVE BEEN A PART OF ANY REFORM MOVEMENTS? IF SO, WHICH ONE(S) AND WHY? IF NOT, WHY NOT?