1. China’s One Child Policy
“Giving birth is a fundamental human right. In China, the government controls it.”
-Harry Wu, Laogai Research Foundation

2. “A big population is a very good thing … even if China’s population multiplies many times we are fully capable of finding solutions.” -Mao Zedong, 1949
Mao encourage
(He countered criticism of his policy by claiming that “with every mouth comes two hands…” meaning that it would be okay to have a large population as there would be more people to work the fields to grow the food. The problem is… there was not arable land to do so.)

3. “Bear as many children as possible… to make China stronger
“Bear as many children as possible… to make China stronger.” -Mao Zedong
In 1953, the census revealed a doubling of the population in a very short period of time…
“The happy life Chairman Mao gave us.”, 1954

4. “Late, spaced, and few…”
In 1953, the census revealed a doubling of the population in a very short period of time, so by 1956 Mao Zedong began a family planning campaign.
“Practice family planning for the revolution.”, 1972
“Deliver medicine (contraceptives) to the door step,
do a good job in birth control work.”, 1974

5. -Rongzhao Li, Wuhan, Hubei Province
“One couple, one child.” 1979
Despite a decline in the population during the Great Leap Forward & the Cultural Revolution, the campaign became more intensive in the 1960s. Family planning & education was advertised on TV, radio, & in newspapers.
“It is absolutely imperative that we all support the One Child Policy in our country.
If we don’t, our people will go hungry. Do you think we want our people to be a burden to the rest of the world? It is our duty to have only one child.”
-Rongzhao Li, Wuhan, Hubei Province

6. What is the “One Child Policy”?
1979: Introduced under Deng Xiaoping
Goal is to control population growth
System of rewards & punishments
1982: Detailed plans & quotas for all provinces
National Quota: Billion : 1.4 Billion
2002: Official law
General exceptions:
Members of ethnic minorities
First child disabled or dies
Remarried couples
In rural areas, if first child is a girl
Pregnancy after adoption

7. Rewards & Punishments “One Child Certificate” Cash bonuses
Longer maternity leave
Better childcare
Preferential housing
Preferential employment
Preferential school placement
Paid medical/hospital expenses
Increased grain rations & other material goods
Loss of family allowances
Loss of medical benefits
Demotion/discharge from government jobs
Confiscation of property
Fines- up to 7x annual salary
Social stigma

8. Policy Implementation
Monitored by local provincial authorities
Applied differently across the country
Birth permits required
Pressure to achieve targets have resulted in:
Mass sterilizations
Coercion to abort illegal pregnancies
Enforcement difficult
Strong resistance in rural areas
China says it has been successful

9. “The imbalance between the sexes is now so distorted that there are
Consequences
An “army of bachelors….”
The Projection of China’s Aging Population
Illegal & hidden children
Abandonment
Sex-selected abortions
Infanticide
Gender Imbalance
4-2-1 Problem- 4 grandparents/2 parents/1 child
High suicide rate for reproductive-aged women
Growth of an aging population
“Sex Ratio as high as 131 to 100…”
“Without permission, a second child cannot be registered and, therefore, does not legally exist.”
“According to official figures,
97.5% of all aborted fetuses in China are female. “
–Marie Claire, June 2001
“The imbalance between the sexes is now so distorted that there are
111 million men in China—more than three times the population of Canada—
who will not be able to find a wife.”
-Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1999
A generation of “little emperors.”
“China is the only country in which more women than men kill themselves, and by a huge margin.” –Time Magazine, 1998
“…a complex collision of China’s notorious One Child Policy and its traditional preference for sons…” –Brian Woods, BBC documentarian

10. -Women’s Department, Ministry of Health
Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women (1992)
“…Article 35.   Women's right of life and health shall be inviolable. Drowning, abandoning or cruel infanticide in any manner of female babies shall be prohibited; discrimination against or maltreatment of women who gave birth to female babies or women who are sterile shall be prohibited; cruel treatment causing bodily injury to or death of women by means of superstition or violence shall be prohibited; maltreatment or abandonment of aged women shall be prohibited.
Article 42.   When a wife terminates gestation as required by the family planning programme, her husband may not apply for a divorce within six months after the operation…”
-The Legistlatie Affaris Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China
__________________________________________________________________________
Notification of Prohibiting from Fetal Sex Identification (1993)
“…In order to safeguard the long-term interests of nation and stability of the country, it is necessary to reaffirm that except for the diagnosis of the hereditary diseases, any units and departments are strictly banned to conduct fetal sex identification by using the medical techniques such as the B-scanner, chromosome techniques and etc…”
-Women’s Department, Ministry of Health

11. Promotion of Girls
“Less births, better births, to develop China vigrously.”, 1987

12. US Adoption Information
China opened doors for US adoption 1992
Requires approval of both governments
Qualifications:
Age (30-54)
Marriage (2+ years) & ≤ 2 divorces
Income ($10,000/family member)
Family size (≤ 4 children) & spacing (> 6 months)
Average time frame months
Average cost $13,000 - $14,000
In past decade over 30,000 children adopted

13. The End