1. Chapter One Notes

2. Steps to Designing an Experiment – List all 7 steps Sec 1-21. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
State the Problem or Question
Analyze Results
Form a Hypothesis
Draw a Conclusion
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Publish Results –
NOT considered one of the primary steps!
Record Results

3. Observation & Inference (This is an activity we will complete in class
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange. X
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a ping-pong ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.

4. Shells and Snowflakes
How can we distinguish between living and nonliving things, such as a radiolarian (left) and a snowflake (right)?
A radiolarian is a tiny living thing that is covered with a glasslike shell and lives in the ocean. A snowflake is a crystal made of frozen water.

5. Chapter One ~ The Science of Biology Sec 1-3
Studying Life
A. Characteristics of Living Things 1. 2. 3. 4.
Made Up of Cells
Able to Reproduce
Based on a Genetic Code
Grows and Develops

6. Characteristics of Living Things5. 6. 7. 8.
Uses Materials and Energy
Responds to the Environment
Maintains Internal Balance
Evolves ` Changes over time

7. Levels of Organization ~ List from Largest to Smallest pg. 211. 2. 3. 4.
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd

8. Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3 5. 6. 7. 8.
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Groups of
Cells
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA

9. 1. Light Microscopes 2. Electron Microscopes
C. Microscopes Sec 1-4 ~ Write the definition & function of the following microscopes:
1. Light Microscopes
2. Electron Microscopes
Function ~ Produces magnified images by focusing visible light rays.
Description ~ The compound light microscope allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.
Function ~ Produces magnified images by focusing beams of electrons.
Description ~ The best electron microscopes can produce images almost 1000 times more detailed than light microscopes.

10. D. Laboratory Techniques ~ Describe in detail these techniques.
1. Cell Cultures
2. Cell Fractionation
In order to obtain enough material to study: biologists place a single cell into a dish containing nutrient solution.
The cell grows into a group of cells called a culture and this can be used for testing.
Biologists use this technique to study a small part of a cell.
First the cells are broken into pieces by a special blender.
the broken bits are added to a liquid and placed in centrifuge to spin the cell parts which makes them separate.
Then the scientist can remove the specific parts.

11. Tools and Procedures Sec 1-4 A. A Common Measurement System ~
1. Most scientists _______________
______________________________.
2. The _________ is scaled on _____.
use the metric system
when collecting data & performing experiments. 10
Metric system

12. 1 liter = 1000 milliliters 0 degrees C = freezing
Tools and Procedures Sec 1-4 B. A Common Measurement System ~ List the common unit of length, mass, volume & temperature
Common Metric
Units Table
Length
Mass
1 meter = 100 centimeters
1 meter = 1000 millimeters
1000 meters = 1 kilometer
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton
Volume
Temperature
1 liter = 1000 milliliters
0 degrees C = freezing
100 degrees C = boiling

13. Video pt.1
Video pt. 2

15. Scientists at Work Sec 1-2
For many years, observations seemed to indicate that some living things could just _________ __________:
Recipe for Bees
1. Kill a bull during the first thaw of winter
2. Build a shed
3. Place the dead bull on branches & herbs inside the shed
4. Wait for summer. The decaying body of the bull will produce bees.
Maggots on meat, Mice on grain, Beetles from dung, etc.
suddenly appear

16. “How do new living things come into being?”
This brought about the question: ________________________________________________________________
Scholars of the day gave a name to the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter ~ _______________________
“How do new living things come into being?”
Spontaneous Generation

17. Italian Francesco Redi 1668 pg.8 flies produced maggots.
An _________ physician proposed a different hypothesis for the appearance of maggots.
Redi observed _________ appeared on meat a few days after ___ were present.
Redi proposed that the flies laid _____ too small for people to see.
Redi’s hypothesis stated that ___________________________
Next he had to test his hypothesis…
maggots
flies
eggs
flies produced maggots.

18. Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
Section 1-2
Redi had to set up a controlled experiment.
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
Time
Same in both Trials
Several
days pass
Manipulated Variables:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
Meat The Change
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

19. Redi published his findings and conclusions in a book for other scientists.
In the mid 1700’s, another scientist came along and disputed Redi’s findings using Anton van _________________ “lenses”. Pg.11
Needham (English) saw a tiny world of
“____________” in rainwater, pond water, dust & gravy. Pg. 11
Leuwenhook’s
animacules

20. conditions gravy teaming with life
Needham claimed that spontaneous generation could occur under the right ______________.
Needham sealed a bottle of ______ and heated it, claiming to have killed the little animals, but a few days later, the gravy was___________________. He inferred the animals could have only come from the gravy, thus disproving Redi’s claim.
conditions
gravy
teaming with life

21. Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings pg. 11
Lazzaro __________ (an Italian) read about Redi’s and Needham’s work. Spallanzani thought Needham had NOT heated the gravy long enough and then decided to________
____________________.
Spallanzani
improve
Needham’s experiment

22. Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment
Section 1-2
One jar was sealed immediately and one jar was left open.
Gravy is boiled.
Flask is
open.
Gravy is teeming
with microorganisms.
Concluded that the microorganisms were from the air.
Flask is
sealed.
Gravy is free of
microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.

23. Pasteur’s Work pg. 12 “life force”
In the 1800’s, some scientists said that air contained the ___________ needed to produce life and therefore Spallazani’s experiment wasn’t fair.
______________(French), in 1864, found a way to settle the dispute.
Pasteur designed a _________________ that allowed air, but no microorganisms. After a year, he accidentally broke the neck and the flask, and the microorganisms appeared.
“life force”
Louis Pasteur
flask with a long neck

24. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.

25. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.

26. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.

27. Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.

28. problem solvers living organisms wine silk
Pasteur proved that all living things must come from _______________ …which was a major change in the way scientists view living things.
During his lifetime, Pasteur saved the _______ industry, the _____ industry, and began to uncover the nature of infectious diseases in humans.
Pasteur was one of the most remarkable _________________ of all time.
living organisms
wine
silk
problem solvers

29. How a Theory Develops pg. 14
Theory applies to a ___________________ that unifies a broad range of observations.
Sometimes more than one theory is needed to explain a particular circumstance.
A useful theory may become the _________ view among the majority of scientists, but no theory is considered absolute truth.
Scientists analyze, review, and critique theories while adding new evidence along the way. Sometimes scientist resist a new way of looking at nature, but over time new evidence determines which ideas survive and which are replaced.
well-tested explanation
dominant