1. ORGANICSYNTHESIS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 2008 SPECIFICATIONS

2. INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page orusing the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

3. CONTENTS Introduction Functional groups Chiral synthesis - introduction Nucleophilic addition Nucleophilic substitution Synthetic methods ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

4. Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.

5. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Involves the preparation of new compounds from others. Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional groups are converted into other functional groups.

6. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Involves the preparation of new compounds from others. Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional groups are converted into other functional groups. When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider...

7. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Involves the preparation of new compounds from others. Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional groups are converted into other functional groups. When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider... the reagents required to convert one functional group into another the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react

8. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Involves the preparation of new compounds from others. Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional groups are converted into other functional groups. When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider... the reagents required to convert one functional group into another the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react the conditions required - temperature, pressure, catalyst the rate of the reaction the yield - especially important for equilibrium reactions atom economy

9. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Involves the preparation of new compounds from others. Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional groups are converted into other functional groups. When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider... the reagents required to convert one functional group into another the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react the conditions required - temperature, pressure, catalyst the rate of the reaction the yield - especially important for equilibrium reactions atom economy safety - toxicity and flammability of reactants and products financial economy - cost of chemicals, demand for product problems of purification possibility of optically active products

10. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Involves the preparation of new compounds from others. Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional groups are converted into other functional groups. When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider... the reagents required to convert one functional group into another the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react the conditions required - temperature, pressure, catalyst the rate of the reaction the yield - especially important for equilibrium reactions atom economy safety - toxicity and flammability of reactants and products financial economy - cost of chemicals, demand for product problems of purification possibility of optically active products

11. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Functional groups Common functional groups found in organic molecules include... alkene hydroxyl (alcohols) halogenoalkane carbonyl (aldehydes & ketones) amine nitrile carboxylic acid ester

12. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Rationale Pharmaceutical synthesis often requires the production of just one optical isomer. This is because...

13. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Rationale Pharmaceutical synthesis often requires the production of just one optical isomer. This is because... one optical isomer usually works better than the other the other optical isomer may cause dangerous side effects laboratory reactions usually produce both optical isomers naturally occurring reactions usually produce just one optical isomer

14. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Rationale Pharmaceutical synthesis often requires the production of just one optical isomer. This is because... one optical isomer usually works better than the other the other optical isomer may cause dangerous side effects laboratory reactions usually produce both optical isomers naturally occurring reactions usually produce just one optical isomer ExampleAldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide (nitrile) ions; CH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile

15. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Example Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide ions CH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile

16. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Example Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide ions CH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile Problem- the C=O bond is planar - the nucleophile can attack from above and below - there is an equal chance of each possibility - a mixture of optically active isomers is produced - only occurs if different groups are attached to the C=O

17. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Example Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide ions CH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile Problem- the C=O bond is planar - the nucleophile can attack from above and below - there is an equal chance of each possibility - a mixture of optically active isomers is produced - only occurs if different groups are attached to the C=O CN¯ attacks from above

18. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Example Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition with cyanide ions CH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile Problem- the C=O bond is planar - the nucleophile can attack from above and below - there is an equal chance of each possibility - a mixture of optically active isomers is produced - only occurs if different groups are attached to the C=O CN¯ attacks from below

19. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS ExampleCH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile CN¯ attacks from above CN¯ attacks from below MIRROR IMAGES

20. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS ExampleCH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrile CN¯ attacks from above CN¯ attacks from below

21. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS ExampleCH 3 CHO + HCN ——> CH 3 CH(OH)CN ethanal2-hydroxypropanenitrileANIMATION

22. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Consequences isomers have to be separated to obtain the effective one separation can be expensive and complicated non-separation leads to

23. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Consequences isomers have to be separated to obtain the effective one separation can be expensive and complicated non-separation leads to larger doses needed possible dangerous side effects possible legal action

24. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Consequences isomers have to be separated to obtain the effective one separation can be expensive and complicated non-separation leads to larger doses needed possible dangerous side effects possible legal action Solution use natural chiral molecules as starting materials use stereoselective reactions which give one isomer use catalysts which give a specific isomer use enzymes or bacteria which are stereoselective

25. CHIRAL SYNTHESIS Consequences isomers have to be separated to obtain the effective one separation can be expensive and complicated non-separation leads to larger doses needed possible dangerous side effects possible legal action Solution use natural chiral molecules as starting materials use stereoselective reactions which give one isomer use catalysts which give a specific isomer use enzymes or bacteria which are stereoselective Other examples Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes

26. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION ProblemsThere are two possible mechanisms S N 2 This produces just one optical isomer with reversed optical activity Called S N 2 because two species are involved in the rate determining step.

27. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION ProblemsThere are two possible mechanisms S N 1 This produces a racemic mixture of two optical isomers Called S N 1 because one species is involved in the rate determining step.

28. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION ProblemsThere are two possible mechanisms S N 2 This produces just one optical isomer with reversed optical activity Called S N 2 because two species are involved in the rate determining step. S N 1 This produces a racemic mixture of two optical isomers Called S N 1 because one species is involved in the rate determining step.

29. MODERN SYNTHETIC METHODS The following methods can be used to synthesise a single optical isomer Enzymes / bacteria Chiral chemicals Chiral catalysts Natural chiral molecules

30. ©2009 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING THE END ORGANICSYNTHESIS