1. Geometry

2. Geometry:Part III By Dick Gill, Julia Arnold and Marcia Tharp for Elementary Algebra Math 03 online

3. Table of Contents Converting Degrees to Degrees and Minutes Converting Degrees and Minutes to decimal degrees Vertical Angles Straight Angles Parallel Lines Problems involving the above and similar trianglesProblems involving the above and similar triangles.

4. Fractions of Angles One degree is an awfully small angle, but when we need to talk about a fraction of a degree, we can do so with decimals or with minutes and seconds. One degree can be divided into 60 minutes and one minute can be divided into 60 seconds. The notation for minutes and seconds will look like this: 1 o = 60’ 1’ = 60” 25.5 o = 25 o 30’ Which brings up the question, how do you convert from decimal fractions to fractions with minutes and seconds?

5. Converting from Decimals to Minutes To convert 57.4 o degrees to degrees and minutes we can write the degrees as 57 0 +.4 o. Next we find 0.4 of 60’minutes by multiplying 0.4(60’) = 24’minutes. Therefore, 57.4 o = 57 o 24’. Try a few of these on your own. Convert each of the following to degrees and minutes: 123.8 o = 123 o + 0.8(60’) = 123 o + 48’ = 123 o 48’ 12.3 o = 12 o + 0.3(60’) = 12 o + 18’ = 12 o 18’ 82.33 o = 82 o + 0.33(60’) = 82 o + 19.8’ which rounds to 82 o 20’ Though we won’t focus on it in this course we could convert 19.8’ to 19’ 48”.

6. Converting from Degrees and Minutes to Decimal Degrees To convert the minutes to a decimal it is helpful to remember that minutes represent a fraction of a degree. We need to get that fraction into decimal form. For example in 120 o 45’ the 45’ are the fraction of a degree: (45/60) o =.75 o so 120 o 45’ = 120.75 o. See what you can do with the following conversions. Round to the nearest one hundredth of a degree. 12 o 52’ 135 o 45’ 60 o 25’ = 12 o + (52/60) o = 12 o +.866 o rounding to 12.87 o = 135 o + (45/60) o = 135 o +.75 o = 135.75 o = 60 o + (25/60) o = 60 o +.416 o rounding to 60.42 o

7. 1. Convert 168 0 15’ to degrees. 2. Convert 145.88 0 to degrees and minutes. Practice Problems Work out the answers then click to the next slide to check.

8. 1. Convert 168 0 15’ to degrees. 168 0 +15/60=168 +.25 = 168.25 0 2. Convert 145.88 0 to degrees and minutes. 145 0 +.88*60= 145 0 52.8’ Answers Table of Contents

9. Vertical Angles and Parallel Lines

10. Vertical Angles When two lines intersect they form vertical angles. 1 2 3 4 Angles 1 and 2 form a pair of vertical angles. Angles 3 and 4 form a pair of vertical angles

11. Straight Angles A straight angle is an angle formed by a straight line and has measure 180 0. 180 0

12. Let’s explore Suppose we have two intersecting lines with angle measures as shown. 120 60 What do these two angles add up to? Do you see the straight angle?

13. Let’s explore 120 60 What should the measure of the ? angle be? ? 120 What measure is left for the remaining angle?

14. Let’s explore 120 60 120 60 Can you come up with a property about vertical angles after looking at this example? The property is Vertical angles are always equal to each other.

15. Look at the following picture and give the measure of all unknown angles. 80 100 80 100 Table of Contents

16. Parallel lines Two lines are parallel if they do not intersect. A line which crosses the parallel lines is called a transversal.

17. Parallel lines Look at all the angles formed. 12 3 4 56 7 8

18. If I give the measure of angle 1 as 120 0, how many other angles can I find? 12 3 4 56 7 8 Let’s explore See how many angles you can find then click to the next slide. 20

19. 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 Names of equal angles in picture The red angles are called alternate interior angles. What other pair of angles are also alternate interior angles?

20. 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 Names of equal angles in picture The red 60 0 angles are also alternate interior angles.

21. 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 Names of equal angles in picture The red angles pictured are called Alternate exterior angles. Can you find another pair of alternate exterior angles?

22. 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 Names of equal angles in picture The red angles pictured are called Alternate exterior angles. Do you see that the interior angles are between the parallel lines and the exterior angles are on the outside of the parallel lines?

23. 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 Names of equal angles in picture The red angles pictured are called Corresponding angles. There are 3 more pairs of corresponding angles. Can you find them?

24. 120 60 120 60 120 60 120 60 Names of equal angles in picture The corresponding angles are pictured in matching colors.

25. Properties If two lines are parallel and cut by a transversal then the alternate interior angles are equal, the alternate exterior angles are equal, and the corresponding angles are equal. Note: Corresponding angles are always on the same side of the transversal.

26. Can you fill in the missing angles in the following picture and state the reason why? 100 o 1 2 3 4 5 67

27. Ang 7= 100 because of vertical angles. Ang 5 = 80 because 7 & 5 form a straight angle. Ang 6 is 80 because 5 and 6 are vertical and therefore equal. Ang 4 = 100 because alternate interior angles are equal 100 o 1 2 3 4 5 67 Ang 2 = 100 because of corresponding angles or because of vertical angles. Angle 3 = 80 because of straight angles or because 3 & 5 are alt. Int. angles Ang. 1 = 80 because 3 & 1 are vertical or 1&5 are corresponding or 1 and 6 are alt ext angles. Table of Contents

28. Problems involving similar triangles, parallel lines, vertical angles, and equal angles.

29. A B C D E In this triangle DB || EA This makes CA and CE transversals. What angles are equal? CBD = CAE CDB = CEA These are two pairs of corresponding angles. Note: The similar tick marks indicate equal angles.

30. A B C D E What triangles are similar? BCD Which is correct? ___ ABC ECA EBA AEC ACE

31. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 1. If DC=7 find CE When you’ve worked it out click here to check.

32. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 2. If CA=27 find CB When you’ve worked it out click here to check

33. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 3. If CB=10 find BA When you’ve worked it out click here to check

34. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 4. If CE=24 find DE When you’ve worked it out click here to check

35. L K M N O Name the equal angles in this figure. K = N (Both are right angles) LMK = OMN (Vertical angles) L = O How do you write the similarity of the triangles? KLM NOM Think before you click.

36. L K M N O 5. If KM = 6 MN = 9 MO = 12 Find LM 6 9 12 x What are the corresponding sides? KM MN LMMO When you’ve worked it out click here to check Click once for the problem.

37. A B C D A = DBC AC = 12 BC = 8 BD = 5 FIND AB 12 8 5 6. When you’ve worked it out click here to check

38. A B C D E BD = 5 BE = 8 BA = 10 FIND BC 7. When you’ve worked it out click here to check

39. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 1. If DC=7 find CE 6CE=70 CE = 35/3 Back to problem2

40. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 2. If CA=27 find CB 10CB=162 CB=162/10 CB = 81/5 Back to problem3

41. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 3. If CB=10 find BA We could not use BA because BA is not a side. 6CA=100 CA = 100/6=50/3 Now CA - CB = BA or 50/3-10 = (50-30)/3=20/3 BA = 20/3 Back to problem4

42. A B C D E Answer the following: AE = 10 DB = 6 4. If CE=24 find DE 10DC=144 DC = 144/10=72/5 Now CE - DC = DE or 24 -72/5= (120-72)/5=48/5 DE = 48/5 Back to problem5

43. L K M N O 5. If KM = 6 MN = 9 MO = 12 Find LM 6 9 12 x Back to problem6

44. A B C D A = DBC AC = 12 BC = 8 BD = 5 FIND AB 12 8 5 First we must find the similar triangles. What angle is in two triangles? 6.

45. A B C D A = DBC AC = 12 BC = 8 BD = 5 FIND AB 12 8 5 First we must find the similar triangles. What angle is in two triangles? c

46. A B C D 12 8 5 B C A D B C Imagine separating the two triangles. ABC is flipped up, while BDC is rotated so DC is horizontal. 12 5 8 8 x ABC BDC

47. A B C D 8 x 12 5 Back to problem7

48. A B C D E BD = 5 BE = 8 BA = 10 FIND BC 7. First, what two triangles are similar? DBE ABC What angle is in both triangles?

49. A B C D E BD = 5 BE = 8 BA = 10 FIND BC 7. DBE ABC 5 8 10 x Return to ProblemsEnd showTable of Contents

50. You are now ready for the last geometry topic: Area and Volume Go to Geometry: Part IV