1. Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination Individual Differences and Prejudice Prepared by S.Saterfield Whitley & Kite, (2006) The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination

2. Study of Individual Differences Researchers began to study why people differ from one another and related to variable such as prejudice after World War II Nazi Anti-Semitism Holocaust Individual differences theories of prejudice- Authoritarian personality Social dominance orientation Empathy

3. The Big 3 Authoritarianism Personality Fascism—political philosophy that those who hold power know what is best for society, people should do what their government tells them to do Popular belief in the 1930’s A personality type that is especially susceptible to unthinking obedience to authority

4. The Big 3 Authoritarianism Personality -Nine characteristic patterns—5 related to prejudice -Ideologies—set attitudes and beliefs that predispose people to view the world in certain ways and to respond in ways consistent with those viewpoints -Rigid adherence to conventional thinking leads people to view the world in stereotypical terms

5. The Big 3 Authoritarianism Personal 5 Characteristic patterns—related to prejudice 1.Conventionalism—rigid adherence to conventional, middle-class values 2.Authoritarian submission—submissive uncritical attitude toward idealized moral authorities 3.Authoritarian aggression—tendency to be on the lookout for, and to condemn, reject, and punish people who violate conventional values 4.Stereotypy—The disposition to think in rigid categories 5.Projectivity—The disposition to believe that wild and dangerous things go on in the world: The projection outwards of unconscious emotional impulses.

6. The Big 3 Authoritarianism Personality Right-wing authoritarianism—RWA Set of attitudes rather than as a personality type Tend to be: Mentally inflexible See the world in simple terms Have a high need for closure Not interested in experiencing new things Place a high value on security Self-righteous

7. The Big 3 Authoritarianism Personality Right-wing authoritarianism—RWA Three Clusters of attitudes: Authoritarian submission—high degree of submission to authorities who are perceived to be established and legitimate in society Authoritarian aggression—general aggressiveness, directed against various persona, that is perceived to be sanctioned by established authorities Conventionalism—high degree of adherence to social conventions that are perceived to be endorsed by society and established authorities.

8. The Big 3 Social Dominance Orientation—SDO Individual difference variable that reflects “the extent to which one desires that one’s in- group dominate and be superior to out- groups” Reflects the belief that one’s group ought to be at the top of societal ladder and that other groups ought to be on the bottom Opposition to equality reflects belief that group on bottom ought to stay there

9. The Big 3 Social Dominance Orientations Concept of legitimizing myths—sets of attitudes and beliefs that people used to justify their dominant position in society Belief that groups they identify with (racial, ethnic, professional, socioeconomic status) should have a superior position in society and control over resources

10. The Big 3 Social Dominance Orientations/Prejudice Motivational effect of social dominance orientation Personal Characteristics: Competitive juggle characteristics Ruthless and amoral Winning is everything Tough-minded Low in empathy, sympathy and benevolence

11. The Big 3 Social Dominance Orientations/Prejudice Legitimizing myths—set of attitudes and beliefs that people high in SDO can use to justify their dominant position in society Group stereotyping—used to denying equality to other groups Endorse stereotypes of outgroups, especially negative ones Tend to stereotype to a greater extent than other people Use stereotypes to justify their prejudices

12. The Big 3 Social Dominance Orientations and Authoritarianism Dominance over outgroups regardless of the views of ingroup authority figures Focus on relations between groups Stronger group identity motivates people to make stronger distinctions between their group and others Focus on quashing competition for resources from other groups Maintaining ingroup’s dominance in society

13. The Big 3 Empathy—’an other-oriented emotional response congruent with another’s perceived welfare Affect prejudice through a three-step process: (a)Adopting the perspective of a member of a stigmatized group (b)Lead to perception of increased valuing of this individual’s welfare (c)Assuming that this individual’s group membership is a salient component of his or her plight

14. The Big 3 Empathy— Empathic feelings include sympathy, compassion, tenderness—an individual difference variable (a)Perspective taking—tendency to spontaneously adopt psychological point of view of others in every day life (b)Empathic concern—tendency to experience feelings of sympathy and compassion for unfortunate others (c)Personal distress—tendency to experience distress and discomfort in response to extreme distress in others

15. The Big 3 Empathy— Oriented emotional response congruent with another’s perceived welfare Affect prejudice through a three-step process: (a)Adopting the perspective of a member of a stigmatized group (b)Lead to perception of increased valuing of this individual’s welfare (c)Assuming that this individual’s group membership is a salient component of his or her plight

16. The Self Our awareness of ourselves as living beings who interact with the world and the people in it. Our beliefs about what we are like, our characteristic behavior, or abilities and shortcomings Our evaluation of those characteristics as good or bad, positive or negative

17. The Self Theorist relate the self to prejudice— People low in self-esteem use prejudice to boost their self-images by looking down on others People respond to threats to self-esteem with prejudice as a way of warding off the threat Intergroup anxiety—feeling of discomfort while interacting with or anticipating an interaction with members of outgroups

18. The Self Self-Esteem refers to people’s evaluation of their personal characteristics and behavioral patterns Self-enhancement: looking down on others might make one feel better about oneself Self-protection—if one’s self-esteem is threatened, looking down on others might again made one feel better about oneself

19. The Self Intergroup anxiety—the feelings of discomfort many people experience when interacting with, or anticipating and interaction with members of other groups Relates to minority group members’ attitudes toward the majority group as well as majority group members’ attitudes toward minority groups/

20. Personal Values Values Orientations Individualism—values emphasizing importance of self-reliance Egalitarianism—emphasizes the importance of all people being treated equally and fairly

21. Personal Values Perceived Values Differences Values dissimilarity symbolic beliefs symbolic threats Family values Terror management theory

22. Social Ideologies Ideologies—set attitudes and beliefs that predispose people to view the world in certain ways and to respond in ways consistent with those viewpoints Religion Religious involvement Intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation Religious fundamentalism

23. Social Ideologies Political Orientation Conservatism Liberalism Social policy attitudes